{"id":34595,"date":"2024-12-18T04:29:12","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T22:59:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/?p=34595"},"modified":"2024-12-19T10:12:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T04:42:40","slug":"samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide<\/a> Pdf Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.<\/p>\n

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany<\/h2>\n

11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy and Systematic BotanyText Book Back Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Part – A<\/span><\/p>\n

Choose the right answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nSpecimen derived from non-original collection serves as the nominclatural type, when original specimen is missing it is known as
\na) Holotype
\nb) Neotype
\nc) Isotype
\nd) Paratype
\nAnswer:
\nb) Neotype<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nPhylogenilic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects,
\na) Comparative anatomy
\nb) Number of flowers produced
\nc) Comparative cytology
\nd) Evolutionary relationships
\nAnswer:
\nd) Evolutionary relationships<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nThe taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of different taxa is termed as
\na) Chemotaxonomy
\nb) Molecular systematics
\nc) Sero taxonomy
\nd) Numerical taxonomy
\nAnswer:
\nc) Sero taxonomy<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWhich of the following is not a flowering plant with root nodules containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms?
\na) Crotalaria juncea
\nb) Cycas revoluta
\nc) Cice rarietinum
\nd) Casuarina equisetifolia
\nAnswer:
\nb) Cycas revoluta<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nFlowers are weakly zygomorphic in
\na) Cerapegia
\nb) Thevelia
\nc) Datura
\nd) Solanum
\nAnswer:
\nc) Datura<\/p>\n

Two marks<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity
\nAnswer:
\nBotanical Gardens play the following important roles.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Gardens with an aesthetic value attract a large number of visitors. For example, the Great Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis) in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata<\/li>\n
  2. Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.<\/li>\n
  3. Garden is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 2.
    \nWhere will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup-shaped thalamus
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Two cotyledonous plants are kept under Dicotyledonou<\/li>\n
    2. Cup-shaped thalamus is a unique feature of the series Thalamiflorae of subclass<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Polypetalae:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Class<\/li>\n
      • Dicot<\/li>\n
      • Subclass<\/li>\n
      • Polypetalae<\/li>\n
      • Series<\/li>\n
      • Thalamiflorae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nHow do molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?
        \nAnswer:
        \nMolecular taxonomy using molecular markers like RAPD\u2019s etc helps in establishing the relationship between the members of different taxonomic groups at the DNA level. Thus it helps to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms.<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nGive the F.D of Clutoria ternalia
        \nAnswer:
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nQuestion 5.
        \nHow will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members.
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        JSolanaceae (Dicot) Morphology<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Liliaceae (Monocot) Morphology<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        Bulbous stem \/ rhizome \/ corm absent but stem tuber present eg. Solarium tuberosum<\/td>\nBulbous Stem – Lilium
        \nRhizome -Polygonatum
        \nCorm – Colchicum Occur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Radical leaves Cariscup } Absent from roots<\/td>\nRadical leaves present eg. Lilium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Leaves alternate & exstipulate<\/td>\nSlipules absent exstipulate fleshy and hollow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Flowers – Pentamerous<\/td>\nFlowers – Trimerous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Calyx_ – Persistent -Solanum melongena<\/td>\nCalyx , Corolla – Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Corolla of various shapes present<\/td>\nPerranth is only present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Stamens – 5 – Epipetalous<\/td>\nStamens – 6 – In a whorl of three each apostamenous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Carpels:<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. Ovary superior<\/li>\n
        2. bicarpellary, bilocular<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Carpels oblipuely placed bicarpellary later become tetra carpellary due to the formation of false septa<\/td>\n

        		Ovary superior tricarpellary trilocular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Fruits – Berry \/ capsule<\/td>\nFruits – Loculierdal capsula<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Anatomy:
        \nBi-collateral Vascular Bundles occur
        \nCambium present Secondary growth present<\/td>\n        		Anatomy:
        \nConjoint collateral Vascular bundles
        \nCambium absent
        \nNo secondary growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Part – B<\/span><\/p>\n

        11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Additional Important Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

        Choose the correct answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \nWho is called the father of Botany?
        \n(a) Linnaeus
        \n(b) Theophrastus
        \n(c) Darwin
        \n(d) Thales
        \nAnswer:
        \n(b) Theophrastus<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nThe latest ICBN was held at
        \na) Cambridge – England
        \nb) Leningrad – Russia
        \nc) Shenzhen – China
        \nd) Rio-de genero – America
        \nAnswer:
        \ncl Shenzhen China<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nWho proposed the concept of \u201cidos\u201d or species?
        \n(a) Theophrastus
        \n(b) Stebbins
        \n(c) Darwin
        \n(d) Plato
        \nAnswer:
        \n(d) Plato<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nThe floral of Tamil Nadu Carnatic by K.M. Mathew (1983) and Flora of Madras Presidency by J.S Gamble and Fischer belong to
        \na) Monograph
        \nb) Catalogue
        \nc) Flora
        \nd) Regional flora
        \nAnswer:
        \nd) Regional flora<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 5.
        \nWho first proposed the early elementary rule of naming plants?
        \n(a) A.P.de Candolle
        \n(b) Linnaeus
        \n(c) Alphonse de Candolle
        \n(d) Simpson
        \nAnswer:
        \n(b) Linnaeus<\/p>\n

        Question 6.
        \nBotanical Garden of New South Wales is located at
        \na) Brazil
        \nb) New York
        \nc) Sydney
        \nd) Rio de Janeiro
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) Sydney<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 7.
        \n18th<\/sup> International Botanical congress was held at \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.
        \n(a) Sydney
        \n(b) Leningrad
        \n(c) Melbourne
        \n(d) London
        \nAnswer:
        \n(c) Melbourne<\/p>\n

        Question 8.
        \nPlants with incomplete flowers either a petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under the sub class
        \na) Heterornerae
        \nb) Monochlarnydeae
        \nc) Bicarpellatae
        \nd) Monocotyledonae
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) Monochlamvdeae<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 9.
        \nAdolph Engler and Karl – A – Prantl are
        \na) Americal taxonomists
        \nb) French taxonomists
        \nc) Chinese taxonomists
        \nd) German taxonomists
        \nAnswer:
        \nd) German taxonomists<\/p>\n

        Question 10.
        \n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 is a descriptive phrase of a plant.
        \n(a) Vernacular name
        \n(b) Binomial
        \n(c) Polynomial
        \n(d) Botanical name
        \nAnswer:
        \n(c) Polynomial<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 11.
        \nThe fruit is geocarpic in
        \na) Vigna radiate
        \nb) Cablab purpuris
        \nc) Araehis hypogea
        \nd) Cicer arietinum
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) Arachis hypogea<\/p>\n

        Question 12.
        \nThe term biosystematics was introduced by
        \na) Chrispeels and Gartner
        \nb) Camp and Gilly
        \nc) Engler and Prantl
        \nd) Bentham and Hooker
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) Camp and Gilly<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 13.
        \n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 are the tools for identifying unfamiliar plants.
        \n(a) Flora
        \n(b) Keys
        \n(c) Monograph
        \n(d) Catalogues
        \nAnswer:
        \n(b) Keys<\/p>\n

        Question 14.
        \nMost of the seeds are reniform in
        \na) Fabaceae
        \nb) Solanaceae
        \nc) Asteraceae
        \nd) Liliaceae
        \nAnswer:
        \na) Fabaceae<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 15.
        \nPlants with incomplete flowers either petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under
        \na) Monocotyledonae
        \nb) Polypetalae
        \nc) Monochlamydeae
        \nd) Gamopetalae
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) Monochlamydeae<\/p>\n

        Question 16.
        \nFirst modern botanical garden was established by \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 .
        \n(a) Theophrastus
        \n(b) Linnaeus
        \n(c) Luca Ghini
        \n(d) Stebbins
        \nAnswer:
        \n(c) Luca Ghini<\/p>\n

        Question 17.
        \nPhenology is the study
        \na) Pollen grains structure
        \nb) Development of gametes
        \nc) Study of climate and weather on plants
        \nd) Study of functional aspects of plants
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) Study of climate and weather on plants<\/p>\n

        Question 18
        \nTephrosia purpurea, Indigofera tinctoria are plants used as
        \na) Biofuel or bioenergy
        \nb) Bio manure
        \nc) Biomedicine
        \nd) Biopesticides
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) Bio manure.<\/p>\n

        Question 19.
        \nCarpels are obliquely placed in the family
        \na) Fabaceae
        \nb) Solanaceae
        \nC) Liliaceae
        \nd) Malvaceae
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) Solanaceae<\/p>\n

        Question 20.
        \nWhich series includes epigynous flowers with an inferior ovary?
        \n(a) Heteromerae
        \n(b) Disaflorea
        \n(c) Inferae
        \n(d) Thalanifloreae
        \nAnswer:
        \n(c) Inferae<\/p>\n

        II. Fill up the blanks in the given Tabulation<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \nName of the Taxonomist BOOK No. of plants<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        Name of the Taxonomist<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		BOOK<\/td>\n\n

        No. of plants<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        i. Theophrastus (372 – 287 BC)<\/td>\nDe Historia Pfcntarum<\/td>\n………………….<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        ii. ……………….<\/td>\nMateria Medica<\/td>\n600 plants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iii. Carolus Linnaeus<\/td>\nSpecies Plantarum<\/td>\n………….<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iv. ………………<\/td>\n3 volumes of Genera Plantarum<\/td>\n97205 species (202 families)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Answer:
        \ni. 500 Plants
        \nii. Discoredes (62 – 127 AD)
        \niii. 7300 Species
        \niv. Bentham & Hooker<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        Taxon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		Definition<\/td>\n\n

        Example<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        i. Family<\/td>\nComprises a no of genera which share some similarities<\/td>\n…………………..<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        ii. …………………<\/td>\nGroup of families shows fewer similarities among themselves<\/td>\nMalvales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iii. Class<\/td>\nGroup of order which share few similarities<\/td>\n…………………..<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iv. ………………….<\/td>\nNumber of classes<\/td>\nMagnoliophyta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Answer:
        \n(i) Asteraceae
        \n(ii) order
        \n(iii) Asteropsida
        \n(iv) Sub – Division<\/p>\n

        Question 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        Name of the IBC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		Place<\/td>\n\n

        Year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        i. 5th International Botanical Congress<\/td>\n………………………..<\/td>\n1930<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        ii. 12th International Botanical Congress<\/td>\nLeningrad – Russia<\/td>\n…………………..<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iii. 18th International Botanical Congress<\/td>\n……………………..<\/td>\n2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        iv. …………………<\/td>\nShenzhen – China<\/td>\n2017<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Answer:
        \nb) Cambridge – England 1975 Melbourne Australia 19th I BC<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        III. Find out the correct statement.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \nFind out the Correct Statements the given below.
        \na) Scientific Names are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation
        \nb) Cryptogams include non-flowering plants
        \nc) Linnaeus system of classification is known as the Natural system of classification
        \nd) According to APG IV Monocots contain 10 orders and 37 families
        \n(I) a & b
        \n(II) b & c
        \n(III) c & d
        \n(IV) a & d
        \nAnswer:
        \n(I) a & b<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nFind out the correct statements from the given below
        \na) Botanical name of chilly – Capsicum esculentum
        \nb) Ashwagandha is also known as Amukkura
        \nc) An alkaloid colchicine is got from Colchicum luteum
        \nd) Glycine max is the botanical name of the Soya bean
        \n(I) a & b
        \n(II) b & d
        \n(III) a & c
        \n(IV) c & d
        \nAnswer:
        \n(II) b & d<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        IV. Assertion and reason<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \nAssertion: Classification is essential in biology because there is a vast diversity of organisms to sort out and compare
        \nReason: Unless they are organized into manageable Categories, It will be difficult for the identification
        \n(A) Assertion and Reason correct. The reason is explaining Assertion
        \n(B) Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason not explaining Assertion
        \n(C) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong
        \n(D) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion
        \nAnswer:
        \na – Assertion and Reason correct. Reason is explaining Assertion<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nAssertion: Cronquist system of classification could not persist for a long time.
        \nReason: The system is not very useful for identification and cannot be adopted in herbaria.
        \nAnswer:
        \nd) Assertion ‘A’ is true Reason ‘R’ is not explaining Assertion<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nAssertion : Monograph is a complete global account of a faxon of any rank family genus or species at a given time
        \nReason : It has books of libraries rich in botanical litles.
        \nAnswer:
        \nd) Assertion correct but Reason not explaining Assertion<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nAssertion A: Chemotaxonomy is the scientific approach to the classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical constituents
        \nReason R: Proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and peptides, etc are the most studied chemicals in chemotaxonomy
        \nAnswer:
        \na) Assertion and Reason ‘R’ correct Reason is explaining Assertion<\/p>\n

        V. Match the following and find the correct<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1
        \nName of Herbarium No. of specimens
        \ni) Presidency college Herbarium – Chennai – A. 4,08,776
        \nii) Central National Herbarium – Calcutta – B. 30,500
        \niii) Madras Herbarium – Coimbatore – C. 15,000
        \niv) Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden – D. 2,00,000
        \nand Reserach Institute Trivandrum
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \na) C D A B<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nBotanical Name Common Name
        \n(I) Glycirrhiza glabra A. Thanneer Muttan
        \n(II) Withania somnifera B. Athimaduram
        \n(III) Asperagus racemosus C. Senkandal
        \n(IV) Gloriosa superba D. Amukkara
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \na) B D A C<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        VI. Choose the wrong answer<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \n(i) Karyology – Study of Chromosomes
        \n(ii) Palynology – Study of Pollen
        \n(iii) Serology – Study of Antibiotics
        \n(iv) Paleology – Study of Fossils
        \nAnswer:
        \n(iii) – Serology study of antibiotics<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nType Example
        \n(i) Tree – Solanum violceum
        \n(ii) Prickles on the Body of the plant – Solanum xantho carpum
        \n(iii) Vines – Lycium sinensis
        \n(iv) Herb – Solanum nigrum
        \nAnswer:
        \n(II) prickles on the body of the plant – body Solanum xantho carpum<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nBotanical Garden Major Attraction
        \n(i) Nation Botanical Garden Lucknow – Germplasm collection & exsitu conversation
        \n(ii) JNTBGRI Trivandrum (Kerala) – Bambusetum
        \n(iii) National orchidarium Yercaud – Fernery
        \n(iv) Indian Botanical Garden Kolkata – The great Banyan tree
        \nAnswer:
        \n(iii) National orchidarium Yercard – Fernery<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nChoose the right answer :
        \n(i) Plants having Dome-shaped thalamus – Gamopetalae
        \n(ii) Plants having Cup-shaped thalamus – Calyciflorae
        \n(iii) Plants having epigynous flowers – Thalamiflorae
        \n(iv) Plants with united petals & sepals – Inferae
        \nAnswer:
        \n(ii) Plants having cup-shaped thalamus Calyciflorae<\/p>\n

        VII. Match correctly & give the correct answer<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \n(i) Systema Naturae -A. 1862-63
        \n(ii) Philosophia botanica -B.1753
        \n(iii) Species plantarum -C. 1735
        \n(iv) General plantarum -D.1737
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) C – D – B – A<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \n(i) Library of British Museum – A. Revision
        \n(ii) Malvaceae of India by T.K. Paul – B. Catalogue
        \n(iii) Family of Lentibulariaceae
        \nby M.K. Janarthanam & Henry – C. Botanical Garden Lucknow
        \n(iv) 500 species of rose hybrids – D. Monograph
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \na) B A D C<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nBotanical Name – Common Name
        \n(i) Butea Frondosa – A. Rose Wood
        \n(ii) Sesbania grandiflora – B. Garden pea
        \n(iii) Dalbergia latefolia – C. Flame of the forest
        \n(iv) Pisum sativum – D. Agathe
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) C D A B<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nCommon name Botanical name
        \n(i) Rose wood – A. Pterocarpus dalbergioides
        \n(ii) Red Sandal wood – B. Dalbergia latifolia
        \n(iii) Padauk – C. Pterocarpus marsupium
        \n(iv) Vengai – D. Pterocarpus santalinus
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \nc) B D A C<\/p>\n

        VIII. Find out the true and false statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \n(i) The evolution & classification of flowering plants – Arthur cronquist
        \n(ii) Origin of species – Engler & prantl
        \n(iii) Philosophia botanica – Linnaeus
        \n(iv) Theorie elementaire de-botanique – A.P. de. Candolle
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \na) True False True True<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nFind out the True and False statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:
        \n(i) Documents of all plant species in a given geographical area is known as – Monograph
        \n(ii) These are often descriptive & poetic references to plants – Vernacular name
        \n(iii) A complete global account of a taxon of any rank – Flora
        \n(iv) Tools of Identification implemented by Computer – Polyclave key
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nAnswer:
        \nb) False True False True<\/p>\n

        Two marks<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 1.
        \nDefine Taxonomy.
        \nAnswer:
        \nTaxonomy is \u201cthe science dealing with the study of classification including the bases, principles, rules and procedures\u201d.<\/p>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nWhat are the characteristics of a species
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Population of organism closely resemble each other<\/li>\n
        • Descend from common ancestor<\/li>\n
        • They sexually interbreed freely producing fertile offspring<\/li>\n
        • They have morphological resemblance in asexually reproducing organism<\/li>\n
        • In fossil organisms they are identified by their morphological & anatomical resemblance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Question 3.
          \nWhich is the lowest taxon in classification? Define.
          \nAnswer:
          \nSpecies is the lowest taxon in classification. It is defined as the group of individuals which are closely resembling each other and interbreed among themselves producing fertile offspring.<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 4.
          \nDefine Binomial Nomenclature.
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Introduced by Gaspard Barhin<\/li>\n
          • Implemented by Carolus Linnaeus<\/li>\n
          • Scientific name of a plant consists of 2 words.<\/li>\n
          • First one is Genus name<\/li>\n
          • Second one is Species name.<\/li>\n
          • Genus Species<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Eg: Mangifera – Genus – indica – Species<\/p>\n

            Question 5.
            \nWhat are vernacular names? Give an example.
            \nAnswer:
            \nVernacular names are known as common names. Example: Albizia Amara L. is called as Usilai in South Tamil Nadu and Thurinji in North Tamil Nadu.<\/p>\n

            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 6.
            \nBiosystematics Define & Give its objectives.
            \nAnswer:
            \nDefinition:
            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 7.
            \nWhat is the importance of serotaxonomy.
            \nAnswer:
            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 8.
            \nWhen a neotype specimen is selected?
            \nAnswer:
            \nNeotype Specimen is derived from non – original collection selected as the type when the original specimen is missing or destroyed.<\/p>\n

            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 9.
            \nDefine karyotaxonomy.
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Increased knowledge of chromosomes Have been used for extensive biosystematic studies & resolving many taxonomic problems.<\/li>\n
            • Cytological especially chromosomal characters such as number, size, morphology and behaviour during meiosis are of taxonomic value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Question 10.
              \nDifferentiate Regional Flora from continental flora.
              \nAnswer:
              \nRegional Flora from continental flora.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Regional Flora: Flora covering a large geographical area or a botanical region Ex: flora of Madras Presidency.<\/li>\n
              2. Continental Flora: Flora covering the entire continent. Ex: flora of Europaea.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                Question 11.
                \nWrite down the Aims of Chemotaxonomy.
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • To develop taxonomic characters to improve, the existing system of plant classification<\/li>\n
                • To improve the present-day knowledge of phylogeny o plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Question 12.
                  \nDefine Biosystematics
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Introduced by Camp and Gilly in 1943<\/li>\n
                  • It is an experimental, ecological cyto taxonomy through which life forms studied and their relationships defined<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                    Question 13.
                    \nHow Cronquist classified the angiosperms?
                    \nAnswer:
                    \nCronquist classified the angiosperms into two main classes Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida.<\/p>\n

                    Question 14.
                    \nWhy do we say that the development of fruit in Arachis hypogea is geocarpic?
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • In Arachis hypogea after fartilization, the stipe of ovary become meristematic and grows down into the soil.<\/li>\n
                    • The ovary gets buried into the soil and so we call the fmit as groundnut.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                      Question 15.
                      \nDistinguish between Stipule, Stipel and Pulvinus in the leaf of Fabaceae.
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      Stipule<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		Stipel<\/td>\n\n

                      Pulvinus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      The compound leaf has a stipule a green scale like structure from which the leaf originate<\/td>\nIt is a small scaly structure at the base of the leaflet of compound leaf<\/td>\nThe R achis and petcole of the leaf, and leaf lets have swollen, this condition is known as Pulvinus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      Question 16.
                      \nDraw the structure of Papilionaceous Carolla of Fabacoae
                      \nAnswer:
                      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                      Question 17.
                      \nDifferentiate between Phylloclade & Cladodo of Liliaceae.
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      Phylloclade<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Cladodo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      (aerial sterm or branch modification)<\/p>\n

                      Eg. Ruscus<\/p>\n

                      Branch is modified . leaves reduced to scales<\/td>\n

                      		(aerial sterm modification)<\/p>\n

                      Eg Asparagus<\/p>\n

                      Aerial sterm is modified, leaves reduced to scales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                      Question 18.
                      \nPoint out the aims of chemotaxonomy.
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nThe aims of chemotaxonomy:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. To develop taxonomic characters which may improve the existing system of plant classification.<\/li>\n
                      2. To improve present-day knowledge of the phylogeny of plants.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Question 19.
                        \nWhat is meant by Scapigerous Inflorescence?
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nHere the inflorescence axis (peduncle) arising from the ground bearing a cluster of flowers at its apex, with pedicels of equal length.<\/p>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 20.
                        \nLabel the given diagram
                        \n\"Samacheer
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nA- Pedicil
                        \nB – Perianth
                        \nC – Epipetalous stamens
                        \nD- Ovary<\/p>\n

                        Question 21.
                        \n\"Samacheer
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nA- Persistent calyx
                        \nB – Spiny outgrowth
                        \nC – Valves
                        \nD – Seed<\/p>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 22.
                        \nDifferentiate between Magnoliopsia and Liliopsida<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        Magnoliopsida<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Liliopsida<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        6 subclasses<\/td>\n5 subclasses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        64 orders<\/td>\n19 orders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        318 families<\/td>\n65 families<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        165,000 species<\/td>\n50000 species<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Demerits:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Highly Phylogenetic could not persist.<\/li>\n
                        • Not useful for identification & cannot be adopted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Three marks<\/span><\/p>\n

                          Question 1.
                          \nCompare the Gynoecium of Pisum sativum and Datura metal.
                          \nAnswer:
                          \nGynoecium of Pisum sativum:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Mono Carpellary<\/li>\n
                          2. Unilocular<\/li>\n
                          3. Ovules on marginal placentation<\/li>\n
                          4. Feathery stigma<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Gynoecium of Datura metal:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Bicarpellary<\/li>\n
                            2. Tetralocular<\/li>\n
                            3. Ovules on axile placentation<\/li>\n
                            4. Bilobed stigma<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                              Question 2.
                              \nDistinguish between Monophyletic, Paraphyletic & polyphyletic group.
                              \nAnswer:
                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                              Question 3.
                              \nWhy do we think that cladistics is of much needed and important today?
                              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Commonly used & accepted for phylogenetic classifications.<\/li>\n
                              • Produces a hypothesis about the relationship of organisms to predict the morphological characteristics of an organism.<\/li>\n
                              • Help to elucidate the mechanism of evolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                Question 4.
                                \nGive the systematic position of Pea family.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                \n

                                APG Classification<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                Bentham & Hooker’s Classifications<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                Kingdom<\/td>\nPlantae<\/td>\nKingdom<\/td>\nPlantae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Clade<\/td>\nAngiosperm<\/td>\nClass<\/td>\nDicotyledonae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Clade<\/td>\nEudicots<\/td>\nSub class<\/td>\nPolypetatae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Clade<\/td>\nRosids<\/td>\nSeries<\/td>\nCalyaflorae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Order<\/td>\nFabales<\/td>\nOrder<\/td>\nRosales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Family<\/td>\nFabaceae<\/td>\nFamily<\/td>\nFabaceae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                Question 5.
                                \nDifferentiate between Taxonomy & Systematics.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nTaxonomy:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. The discipline of classifying organisms into taxa<\/li>\n
                                2. Governs the practices of naming, describing, identifying and specimen preservation.<\/li>\n
                                3. Classification + Nomenclature = Taxonomy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Systematics:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Broad field of biology that studies the diversification of species<\/li>\n
                                  2. Governs the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationship in addition to taxonomy<\/li>\n
                                  3. Taxonomy + Phylogeny = Systematics<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                    Question 6.
                                    \nDefine Herbarium.
                                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Collection of collected, pressed and dried plant specimens preserved, then mounted on a sheet of paper is referred to as Herbarium.<\/li>\n
                                    • It also refers to the Institution where many such Herbaria are preserved.<\/li>\n
                                    • Eg. Royal Botanical garden Kew London.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Question 7.
                                      \nLinnaeus classification is also called sexual system of classification. Why?
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nLinnaeus classification is mostly based on sexual characters like number, union, length and distribution of stamens and also on carpel characters. Hence it is called sexual system of classification.<\/p>\n

                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 8.
                                      \nVarious types of habits in Fabaceae.
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      \n

                                      Herb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                      		\n

                                      Indigofera, crotalaria<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                      Prostrate herbs<\/td>\nIndigofera enneaphylla<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Erect herb<\/td>\nCrotalaria verrucosa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Shrubs<\/td>\nCajanus cajan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Small trees<\/td>\nSesbania<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Climbers Large trees<\/td>\nClitoria sp Pongamia, Dalbergia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Woody climber<\/td>\nMucuna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Hydrophyte<\/td>\nAeschyno mene aspera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Question 9.
                                      \nExplain Androecium of Family Fabaceae
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \n1. Diadelphous – Stamens (9) + 1-9 Stamens united 1 free
                                      \n2. Diadelphous – (5) + (5) – Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each.
                                      \n3. Monoadelphous but dimorphic – Out of 10 stamens 5 are with longer flaments longer anther 5 are with shorter Flaments and short anthers known as Dimorphic<\/p>\n

                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 10.
                                      \nTabulate various types of Inflorescence of Solanaceae
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      \n

                                      Solitary flower<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                      		\n

                                      Datura stramonium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                      Terminal cymose<\/td>\nSolanum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Extra axillary Scorpioid cymo or Rhipidium<\/td>\nSolanurn nigrurn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Helicoid cyme<\/td>\nSolanurn tuberosum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Umbellate cyme<\/td>\nWithania somnifera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Question 11.
                                      \nTabulate various types of petals of Solanaceae.
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      5 petals – sympetalous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Rotate & tubular – Solanum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Bell-shaped – Atropa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      I Infundibuliform \u00a0– Petunia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Bilipped & Zygomorphic – Schizanthus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Infundibuliform & Convolute – Datura<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Question 12.
                                      \nTabulate ornamental plants from any 3 families you have studied.
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Family Fabaceae<\/td>\nFamily\u00a0 Solanaceae<\/td>\n\n

                                      Family Liliaceae<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                      \u00a0Butea frondosa (Flame of the forest) Clitoria tematea (sangu – flower)<\/td>\nCestrium diumum – day Tulipa suaveolens \u2014 Tulip Jasmine)<\/td>\nPetunia hybrida Agapanthus african\u00a0 us garden petunia (African only<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Five Marks<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Question 1.
                                      \nWhat is meant by Taxonomical Aids. Explain any one of it
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Tools aiding Taxonomical study are known as Taxonomical Aids<\/li>\n
                                      • There are many types of these Aids keys, Flora, Revisions Monograph, Catalogues,<\/li>\n
                                      • Herbarium and Botanical garden<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \"Samacheer
                                        \nTypes:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Local Flora – Covers limited area sate, Country, City mountain, etc Eg. Flora of Thiruvannamalai District<\/li>\n
                                        • Regional Flora – Include large geographical area Eg. Flora of Tamilnadu Carnatic by K.M. Mathew<\/li>\n
                                        • Continental Flora – Cover entire continent Eg. Flora of Europaea by D.A. Web<\/li>\n
                                        • Electronic Flora – Digital format of flora published online Eg. E Flora of China<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                          Question 2.
                                          \nType Concept Explain also its types
                                          \nAnswer:
                                          \nICN’s second principle is that a specimen must be associated with a scientific name known as nomenclatural type (specimen, or its illustration)
                                          \nEg. Herbarium sheet: –<\/p>\n

                                          There are 7 types<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. \u00a0Holotype:
                                            \nThe original Protologue of the author is a definite source of identity
                                            \nCitation & submission of it is one of the criteria for valid publication of a botanical name<\/li>\n
                                          2. Isotype: Duplicate of Holotypes\n
                                              \n
                                            • Same person on the same date with same field number<\/li>\n
                                            • Reliable duplicates of holotype – to be distributed to various herbaria of various region<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                            • Lectotype: Specimen selected from original material may serve as Lectotype when holotype is missing or destroyed<\/li>\n
                                            • Syntype: When the author cites more than one specimen in his Protologue without designating Holotype.<\/li>\n
                                            • Neotype: Specimen from the non-original collection when original<\/li>\n
                                            • Paratype: holotype missing or destroyed: specimen other than Holo, Iso, or Syntype<\/li>\n
                                            • Epitope: Specimen or illustration serves as an interpretive type when all the above types are ambiguous.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              Question 3.
                                              \nDraw the outline classification of APG IV.
                                              \nAnswer:
                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                              Question 4.
                                              \nGive an account of APG classification
                                              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Most recent classification of flowering plants<\/li>\n
                                              • Done in last decade of 20th century
                                                \n\"Samacheer<\/li>\n
                                              • All these provide data with respect to DNA seqences of 2 chloroplast genes (extrachromosomal) (atp B and r bcL) and one nuclear gene (nuclear ribosomal 18 s DNA).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                Question 5.
                                                \nTabulate Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification
                                                \nAnswer:
                                                \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                Question 6.
                                                \nDefine biosystematics & list out the aim of biosystematics.
                                                \nAnswer:
                                                \n1. Biosystematics: Biosystematics is an \u201cExperimental, ecological and cytotaxonomy\u201d through which life forms are studied and their relationships are defined.
                                                \n2. Aims of Biosystematics: The aims of biosystematics are as follows:<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • To delimit the naturally occurring biotic community of plant species.<\/li>\n
                                                • To establish the evolution of a group of taxa by understanding the evolutionary and phylogenetic trends.<\/li>\n
                                                • To involve any type of data gathering based on modem concepts and not only on morphology and anatomy.<\/li>\n
                                                • To recognize the various groups as separate biosystematics categories such as ecotypes, ecospecies, cenospecies, and comparium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                  Question 7.
                                                  \nTabulate various International Herbarium
                                                  \nAnswer:
                                                  \nInternational Herbarium<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  \n

                                                  Herbarium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                                  		Year Established<\/td>\nAcronym<\/td>\n\n

                                                  Number of specimens<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                                  1.Museum National d\u2019Historie Naturelle, Paris, France<\/td>\n1635<\/td>\nP ,PC<\/td>\n10,000,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  2. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, U.S.A<\/td>\n1891<\/td>\nNY<\/td>\n72,00,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  3. Komarov Botanical Institute, St.Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia<\/td>\n1823<\/td>\nLE<\/td>\n71,60,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, U.K<\/td>\n1841<\/td>\nK<\/td>\n70,00,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  Question 8.
                                                  \nWrite down the uses of Herbarium
                                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Provides resource material for systematic research & studies<\/li>\n
                                                  • A place for the orderly arrangement of voucher specimens<\/li>\n
                                                  • Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful Newly collected fresh specimen<\/li>\n
                                                  • Voucher specimens play a role in\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Studies like floristic diversity<\/li>\n
                                                    • Environmental assessment<\/li>\n
                                                    • Ecological mechanisms &<\/li>\n
                                                    • Survey of unexplored area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    • provides an opportunity for documenting biodiversity and studies related to the field of ecology & conservation biology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                      Question 9.
                                                      \nExplain Chemotaxonomy
                                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Study of various chemicals available in plants help to solve the certain taxonomical problem<\/li>\n
                                                      • Chemotaxonomy scientific approach of classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical constituents<\/li>\n
                                                      • Proteins – (more controlled by genes less subjected to natural selection)<\/li>\n
                                                      • So used at all hierarchical level of classification starling from variety to division.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Other chemicals studied are – Amino acids, nucleic acids – peptides<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        Question 10.
                                                        \nExplain Engler & Prantl’s Phylogenetic system of classification
                                                        \nAnswer:
                                                        \nThe two German scientists published their work in a monumental work.
                                                        \nDie Naturechen P flangen families in 23 volumes.
                                                        \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        Question 11.
                                                        \n<\/span>Write down the significance of Molecular taxonomy
                                                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Conserved molecular sequences helped to identify
                                                          \n\"Samacheer<\/li>\n
                                                        • DNA data help in – investigation of evolutionary patterns<\/li>\n
                                                        • DNA taxonomy – play vital role in, understanding<\/li>\n
                                                        • phytogeography – help in genome mapping & bio deversity Conservation<\/li>\n
                                                        • DNA based Molecular markers – used for designing DNA based molecular probes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          Question 12.
                                                          \nWhat is DNA barcoding?
                                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • A scanner like the UPC of supermarket things, – DNA barcoding is a taxonomical device to distinguish one species from another.<\/li>\n
                                                          • A very short genetic sequence from a standard part of a genome is used as a DNA tag or barcode to identify a plant<\/li>\n
                                                          • Paul Hebert proposed it and so-known as the Father of barcoding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                            Question 13.
                                                            \nSignificance of DNA barcoding.
                                                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • Helps in the identification and classification organism<\/li>\n
                                                            • Aids in the mapping the extend of bio-diversity<\/li>\n
                                                            • Eventhough it require a large data base of sequences for comparison & prior knowledge of the barcoding region, it is helpful tool to determine the authenticity of botanical material in whole, cut or powdered form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              Question 14.
                                                              \nDifferences between Classical and Modern taxonomy.
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \n\"Samacheer
                                                              \nQuestion 15.
                                                              \nGive an account of Botanical description of clitoria ternatea (Sangupushpam).
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \nHabit – Twining climber
                                                              \nRoot – Branched tap root system
                                                              \nStem – Aerial weak stem, twiner
                                                              \nLeaf – Imparipmnately compound, Petcolate, Alternate, stipulate,
                                                              \nLeaf lets stipellate, stipels are pulvinate reticulate venation
                                                              \nInflorescence – Solitary and Axillary
                                                              \nFlower -Zygomorphic Bracteate, Bracteolate (large) Bisexual complete
                                                              \nDichlamydeous – Pedicellate, Pentarnerous & Hypogynous
                                                              \nCalyx – 5 sepals synsepalous valvate aestivation odd sepal anterior in position
                                                              \nCorolla – 5 petals apopetalous
                                                              \n1 standard petal -(Vexillum)
                                                              \n2 wing petals -(aiea)
                                                              \n2 keel petal(carina) – united at the base in descendingly imbricate aestivation<\/p>\n

                                                              Androecium – 10 stamens diadeiphous
                                                              \n(9) + 1 (i.e.) nine united one free in 2 + bundle\u0161
                                                              \nAnther – Dithecous , basifixed introse and devisce by Longitudinal Division
                                                              \nGynoecium – Made up of ovary style & stigma
                                                              \nOvary – Superior with a prominent stipe monocarpellary, unilocular with many ovules on marginal placentation<\/p>\n

                                                              Style – simple incurved
                                                              \nStigma – feathery
                                                              \nFruit – Legume
                                                              \nSeed – non endospermous reniform<\/p>\n

                                                              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 16.
                                                              \nDescribe any 3 Molecular method \u00a1n genetic analysis & phylogenetics.
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 17.
                                                              \nGive an account of the botanical description of Datura metal
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \nHabit – Large erect, stout, herb
                                                              \nRoot – Branched tap root system
                                                              \nStem – Hollow, herbaceous strong odour
                                                              \nLeaf – Simple, alternate, petiolate, entire or deeply lobed glabrous, exstipulate unicostate reticulate venation
                                                              \nInflorescence – Solitary & Axillary cyme
                                                              \nFlower – Actinomorphic, (Regular) Bracteate, Bracteolate, Bisexual Complete Dichlamydeous Pentamerous, sessile & hypogynous
                                                              \nCalyx – 5 sepals synsepalous
                                                              \nValvate aestivation persistant
                                                              \nCorolla – 5 petals synpetalous plicate 10 lobed Twisted aestivation funneishaped
                                                              \nAndroecium – 5 stamens – epipetalous altemi petalous .
                                                              \nAnther – dithecous, basifixed, introse longitudinal dehiseence
                                                              \nGynoecium – Superior – bicarpellary bilocular,
                                                              \nOvary – syncarpous basically bilocular later become tetralocular due to the formation of false septa Carpels obliquely placed ovules on swollen axile placentation
                                                              \nStyle – simple long flu form
                                                              \nStigma – bibbed
                                                              \nFruit – Spinesent capsule opening by four apical valves persistent calyx
                                                              \nSeed – Endospermous
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 18.
                                                              \nGive an account of botanical description of Allium cepa.
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \nHabit – Perrennial herb with bulb
                                                              \nRoot – Fibrous adventitious root system
                                                              \nStem – Underground bulb
                                                              \nLeaf – Radical leaves cylindrical fleshy with sheathing leaf bases & parallel venation
                                                              \nInflorescence – scafrigerous, pedicels of equal length arising from apex of peduncle
                                                              \nFlower – Small white
                                                              \nActinomorphic,
                                                              \nBracteate, eBracteolate Bisexual Complete
                                                              \nMonochiamydeous.
                                                              \nTrimerous – hypogynous
                                                              \nFlowers – Protandrous
                                                              \nPerianth – 6 Tetals in 2 whorls of 3 each syntepalous Valvate acstivat\u00edon
                                                              \nAndroecium – 6 stamens in a whorls of 3 each epipelatous
                                                              \napostamenous
                                                              \nAnther – Dithecous basifixed, introse and longitudinal dehiscence
                                                              \nGynoecium
                                                              \nOvary – Superior, tricarpellary trilocular 2 ovules in each locule on axile
                                                              \nplacentation
                                                              \nStyle – simple, slender
                                                              \nSligma – simple
                                                              \nFruit – loculicidal capsule.
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 19.
                                                              \nGive an account of the Economic importance of Fabaceae in the form of a Tabulation Economic Importance of the family Fabaceae
                                                              \nEconomic
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              \"Samacheer
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 20.
                                                              \nEconomic Importance of Solanaceae
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \n\"Samacheer\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                              Question 21.
                                                              \nTabulate economic Importance of the family Liliaceae Economic Importance of the family Liliaceae
                                                              \nAnswer:
                                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                              Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes. Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany 11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy and Systematic BotanyText Book Back Questions and Answers Part – A Choose …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-class-11"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34595"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34595"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41676,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34595\/revisions\/41676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}