{"id":35877,"date":"2024-12-20T07:00:58","date_gmt":"2024-12-20T01:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/?p=35877"},"modified":"2024-12-21T10:03:13","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T04:33:13","slug":"samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 11 Transport in Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide<\/a> Pdf Chapter 11 Transport in Plants Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.<\/p>\n

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 11 Transport in Plants<\/h2>\n

11th Bio Botany Guide Transport in Plants Text Book Back Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Part – I<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nIn a fully turgid cell:
\n(a) DPD = 10 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm
\n(b) DPD = 0 atm; OP =10 atm; TP = 10 atm
\n(c) DPD = 0 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm
\n(d) DPD = 20 atm; OP = 20 atm; TP = 10 atm
\nAnswer:
\n(b) DPD = 0 atm; OP =10 atm; TP = 10 atm<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhich among the following is correct?
\ni) apoplast is fastest and operate in nonliving part
\nii) Transmembrane route includes vacuole
\nin) Symplast interconnect the nearby cell through plasma desmata
\niv) Symplast and the transmembrane route is in the living part of the cell
\na) i and ii
\nb) ii and iii
\nc) iii and iv
\nd) i, ii, iii, iv
\nAnswer:
\nd) i, ii, iii, iv<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat type of transpiration is possible in the xerophyte Opuntia?
\n(a) Stomatal
\n(b) Lenticular
\n(c) Cuticular
\n(d) All the above
\nAnswer:
\n(b) Lenticular<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nStomata of a plant open due to
\na) Influx of K+<\/sup>
\nb) Effrilx of K+<\/sup>
\nc) Influx of Cl–<\/sup>
\nd) Influx of OH–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) Influx of K+<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nMunch hypothesis is based on:
\n(a) translocation of food due to TP gradient and imbibition force
\n(b) ranslocation of food due to TP
\n(c) translocation of food due to imbibition force
\n(d) None of the above
\nAnswer:
\n(b) ranslocation of food due to TP<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nIf the concentration of salt in the soil is too high and the plants may wilt even if the field is thoroughy irrigated. Explain
\nAnswer:
\nHigh salt concentration results in high be osmotic potential of the soil solution, so the plant has to use more energy to absorb water. Under extreme salinity conditions, plants may be unable to absorb water and will wilt even if the surrounding soil is thoroughly irrigated. This is also referred to as the osmotic or water deficit effect of salinity.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nHow phosphorylase enzyme open the stomata in starch sugar interconversion theory?
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • The discovery of enzyme phosphorylase in guard cells by Hanes (1940) greatly supports the starch-sugar interconversion theory.<\/li>\n
  • The enzyme phosphorylase hydrolyses starch into sugar and high PH followed and the opening takes place during the night.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Day:<\/p>\n

    1.\"Samacheer
    \n2. Photosynthesis occur
    \n3. pH – increased
    \n4. Movement of water from
    \n5. subsidiary cells to guard cells
    \n6. Guard cells become turgid
    \n7. Opening of stomata<\/p>\n

    Night:<\/p>\n

    1. \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    2. No Photosynthesis
    \n3. pH – lowered
    \n4. Movement of water from guard cells
    \n5. Guard cells become flaccid
    \n6. Closure of stomata<\/p>\n

    Question 8.
    \nList out the non-photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose?
    \nAnswer:
    \nThe non-photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Roots<\/li>\n
    2. Tubers<\/li>\n
    3. Developing fruits and<\/li>\n
    4. Immature leaves.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 9.
      \nWhat are the parameters which control water potential?
      \nAnswer:
      \n1. Slatyer and Taylor (1960) introduced the concept of water potential.
      \nDefinition – water potential is the potential energy of water in a system – compared to pure water when temperature and pressure are kept constant.<\/p>\n

      2. It is also a measure of how freely water molecules can move in a particular environment or system. Water potential is denoted by the Greek symbol \u00a0\u03a8 (psi) and measured in Pascal (Pa). At standard temperature, the water potential of pure water is zero<\/p>\n

      3. Addition of solute to pure water decreases the kinetic energy thereby decreasing the water potential, from zero to negative.<\/p>\n

      4. So, Comparatively a solution always has low water potential than pure water. In a group of cells with different water potential, a water potential gradient is generated.<\/p>\n

      5. Water will move from higher water potential to lower water potential.
      \nWhen potential ( \u03a8) can be determined by. Solute concentration or Solute potential ( \u03a8s<\/sub>) Pressure potential (\u00a0\u03a8p<\/sub>)
      \nBy correlating two factors, water potential is written as (\u03a8w<\/span>=\u03a8s<\/sub>)+\u03a8p<\/sub><\/p>\n

      a) Solute potential (\u03a8s<\/sub>) or Osmotic potential<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Denotes the effect of dissolved solute on water potential.<\/li>\n
      • In pure water, the addition of solute reduces its free energy and lowers the water potential value from zero to negative.<\/li>\n
      • Thus the value of solute potential is always negative. In a solution at standard atmospheric pressure, water potential is always equal to solute potential (\u03a8w<\/span> = \u03a8<\/span>s<\/sub> ).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        b) Pressure Potential (\u03a8p<\/sub>)<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Pressure potential is a mechanical force working against the effect of solute potential.<\/li>\n
        • Increased pressure potential will increase water potential and water enters cells and cells become turgid.<\/li>\n
        • This positive hydrostatic pressure within the cell is called Turgor, pressure likewise, withdrawal of water from the cell decreases the water potential and the cell becomes flaccid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Question 10.
          \nAn artificial cell made of selectively permeable membrane immersed in a beaker (in the figure) Read the values and answer the following questions?
          \n\"Samacheer
          \na) Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of water movement
          \nb) Is the solution outside the cell isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic?
          \nc) Is the cell isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic?
          \nd) Will the cell become more flaccid, more turgid or stay in original size?
          \ne) With reference to artifical cell state, the process is endomosis or exomosis? Give reasons
          \nAnswer:
          \na)
          \n\"Samacheer
          \n(b) Outside solution in hypotonic.
          \n(c) The cell is hypertonic.
          \n(d) The cell becomes more turgid.
          \n(e) The process is endo – osmosis because the solvent (water) moves inside the cell.<\/p>\n

          Reason: Endomosis is defined as the osmotic entry of solvent into a cell when it is placed in pure water\/Hypotonic solution. The solution in the beaker outside the cell is pure water. ( \u03a8w<\/span> = 0), and water enters into the artificial cell which is placed inside the beaker of pure water, (i.e) from hypotonic to hypertonic solution.<\/p>\n

          Part II\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          11th Bio Botany Guide Transport in Plants Additional Important Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

          I – Choose The Correct Answers<\/span><\/p>\n

          Question 1.
          \nIn plants, cell to cell transport is aided by:
          \n(a) diffusion alone
          \n(b) osmosis alone
          \n(c) imbibition alone
          \n(d) all the three above
          \nAnswer:
          \n(d) all the three above<\/p>\n

          Question 2.
          \nThe smell from a lightened incense stick or mosquito coil or open perfume bottle in a closed room is due to
          \na) Osmosis
          \nb) Facilitated diffusion
          \nc) Simple diffusion
          \nd) imbibition
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Simple diffusion<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 3.
          \nWhich of the following statements are correct?
          \n(i) Cell membranes allow water and non-polar molecules to permeate by simple diffusion.
          \n(ii) Polar molecules like amino acids can also diffuse through the membrane.
          \n(iii) Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules.
          \n(iv) Larger molecules diffuse faster than smaller molecules.<\/p>\n

          (a) (i) and (iv) only
          \n(b) (i) and (iii) only
          \n(c) (i) and (ii) only
          \n(d) (ii) and (iv) only
          \nAnswer:
          \n(b) (i) and (iii) only<\/p>\n

          Question 4.
          \nSolute potential is also known as
          \na) Water potential
          \nb) Pressure potential
          \nc) Osmotic potential
          \nd) Maic potential
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Osmotic potential<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 5.
          \nThe swelling of dry seeds is due to a phenomenon called:
          \n(a) osmosis
          \n(b) transpiration
          \n(c) imbibition
          \n(d) none of the above
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) imbibition<\/p>\n

          Question 6.
          \nCell A has an osmotic potential of -20 bars and a pressure potential of +6 bars. What will be its water potential?
          \na) -14 bars
          \nb) +14 bars
          \nc) -20 bars
          \nd) +20 bars
          \nAnswer:
          \na. -14 bars<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 7.
          \nThe OP and TP of two pairs of cells A – B, and X-Y are under
          \na) Cell A: OP=-I0atm, TP=4atm
          \nb) Cell B : OP = l0atm, TP = 6atm
          \nc) Cell X: Op =-l0atm, TP = 4atm
          \nd) CeIlY: OP = -Katm, TP = 4atm
          \nThe net movement of water shall be from
          \na) A toB and X to Y
          \nb) A to B and Y toX
          \nc) B to A and X to Y
          \nd) B to A and Y to X
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. B to A and Y to X<\/p>\n

          Question 8.
          \nWater potential is influenced by which of the two factors among the given four
          \nI) Concentration
          \nII) Pressure
          \nIII) Temperature
          \nIV) gravity
          \na) I & II
          \nb) II & III
          \nc) III & IV
          \nd) I & IV
          \nAnswer:
          \na) I & II<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 9.
          \n………………………. is equal to TP and is positive except plasmolysed cell and in xylem vessel where it is negative
          \na) Water potential
          \nb) Pressure potential
          \nc) Solute potential
          \nd) Hydrostatic potential
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. Pressure potential<\/p>\n

          Question 10.
          \nDiffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD) was termed by Meyer in:
          \n(a) 1928
          \n(b) 1828
          \n(c) 1936
          \n(d) 1938
          \nAnswer:
          \n(d) 1938<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 11.
          \nImbibants present in plants are generally
          \na) Hydrothermic
          \nb) Hydrostatic
          \nc) Hydrophilic
          \nd) Hydrophobic
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Hydrophilic<\/p>\n

          Question 12.
          \nKramer (1949) recognised two distinct mechanisms, which independently operate in the absorption of water in plants are:
          \n(a) osmosis and diffusion
          \n(b) imbibition and diffusion
          \n(c) diffusion and absorption
          \n(d) active absorption and passive absorption
          \nAnswer:
          \n(d) active absorption and passive absorption<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 13.
          \nRoot pressure is totally apsent in Gymnosperms because
          \na) Trachea absent
          \nb) Tracheids absent
          \nc) Trees are tall
          \nd) Trees are comparatively short
          \nAnswer:
          \na. Trachea absent<\/p>\n

          Question 14.
          \nWhen respiratory inhibitors like KCN, chloroform are applied:
          \n(a) there is a decrease in the rate of respiration and an increase in the rate of absorption of water.
          \n(b) there is an increase in the rate of respiration and a decrease in the rate of absorption of water.
          \n(c) there is a decrease in the rate of respiration and also a decrease in the rate of absorption of water.
          \n(d) there is an increase in the rate of respiration and also in the rate of absorption of water.
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) there is a decrease in the rate of respiration and also a decrease in the rate of absorption of water.<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 15.
          \nFind the DPD in a flaccid cell if its OP is 10
          \na) 20
          \nb) 30
          \nc) 10
          \nd) 40
          \nAnswer:
          \nc.10<\/p>\n

          Question 16.
          \nPulsation theory was proposed by:
          \n(a) Strasburger
          \n(b) Godsey
          \n(c) J.C. Bose
          \n(d) C.V. Raman
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) J.C. Bose<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 17.
          \nWhen a cell is kept in 0.5m solution of sucrose it\u2019s volume does not alter. If the same cell is placed in 0.5M solution of sodium chloride, the volume of the cell
          \na) Increase
          \nb) Decrease
          \nc) cell will be pIasrnoysed
          \nd) Will does not show any change
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. Will does not show any change<\/p>\n

          Question 18.
          \nIndicate the correct statements:
          \n(i) Root pressure is absent in gymnosperms.
          \n(ii) Root pressure is totally absent in angiosperms.
          \n(iii) There is a relationship between the ascent of sap and root pressure.
          \n(iv) There is no relationship between the ascent of sap and root pressure.<\/p>\n

          (a) (i) and (ii)
          \n(b) (ii) and (iii)
          \n(c) (ii) and (iv)
          \n(d) (i) and (iv)
          \nAnswer:
          \n(d) (i) and (iv)<\/p>\n

          Match The Following & Find Out The Correct Order<\/span><\/p>\n

          Question 19.
          \nI) Water potential – A) Turgor pressure
          \nII) Solute potential – B) Osmotic potential + Pressure potential
          \nIII) Matric potential – C) Osmotic potential
          \nIV) Pressure potential – D) Imbibition pressure
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \nb) B C D A<\/p>\n

          Question 20.
          \nI) Leaves – A) Antitransport
          \nII) Seed – B) Transpiration
          \nIII) Roots – C) Negative osmotic potential
          \nIV) Aspirin – D) Imbibition
          \nV) Plasmolyced cell – E. Absorption
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \na) C B D E A<\/p>\n

          Question 21.
          \nI) Transport of substance from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration is with the expenditure of energy – A. Antiport
          \nII) The movement of two types of molecules across the membrane in opposite direction – B. Symport The movement of a molecule across III) a membrane independent of other molecules – C. Active port
          \nIV) The movement of two types of molecules across the membrane in the same direction – D. Uniport
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \nc) C D A B<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 22.
          \nI) Passive transport – A) Uphill transport
          \nII) Active transport – B) Short distance transport
          \nHI) Cell to cell transport – C) Long-distance transport
          \nIV) Ascent of sap – D) Downhill transport
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \nb) D A B C<\/p>\n

          Question 23.
          \nThe length and breadth of stomata is:
          \n(a) about 10 – 30\u03bc and 2 – 10\u03bc respectively
          \n(b) about 10 – 14\u03bc and 3 – 10\u03bc respectively
          \n(c) about 10 – 40\u03bc and 3 – 10\u03bc respectively
          \n(d) about 5 – 30\u03bc and 5 – 10\u03bc respectively
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) about 10 – 40\u03bc and 3 – 10\u03bc respectively<\/p>\n

          Question 24.
          \nA membrane that permits the solvent and not the solute to pass through it is termed is
          \na) Permeable,
          \nb) impermeable
          \nc) semipermeable
          \nd) differentially permeable
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Semi permeable<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 25.
          \nWho did observe that stomata open in light and close in the night:
          \n(a) Unger
          \n(b) Sachs
          \n(c) Boehm
          \n(d) Von Mohl
          \nAnswer:
          \n(d) Von Mohl<\/p>\n

          Question 26.
          \nThe phosphorylase enzyme in guard cells supports the starch-sugar interconversion theory. The above reaction is:
          \n(a) oxidation reaction
          \n(b) hydrolyses reaction
          \n(c) reduction reaction
          \n(d) none of the above
          \nAnswer:
          \n(b) hydrolyses reaction<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 27.
          \nIf a cell kept in a solution of unknown concentration gets deplasmolysed the solution is
          \na) hypotonic
          \nb) hypertonic
          \nc) isotonic
          \nd) detonic
          \nAnswer:
          \na. hypotonic<\/p>\n

          Question 28.
          \nA cell placed in a strong salt solution will shrink because
          \na) the cytoplasm will decompose
          \nb) mineral salts will break the cell wall
          \nc) salt will leave the cell
          \nd) water will leave by exosmosis
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. water will leave by exosmosis<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 29.
          \nPhenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA), when applied as a foliar spray to plants:
          \n(a) induces partial stomatal closure for two weeks.
          \n(b) induces partial stomatal opening for two weeks.
          \n(c) induces partial stomatal closure for four weeks.
          \n(d) induces stomatal closure permanently
          \nAnswer:
          \n(a) induces partial stomatal closure for two weeks.<\/p>\n

          Question 30.
          \nThe osmotic pressure of cell sap is maximum in
          \na) Hydrophytes
          \nb) Halophytes
          \nc) Xerophytes
          \nd) Mesophytes
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. Halophytes<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 31.
          \nSay true or false and on that basis choose the right answer.
          \nI) In facilitated diffusion, molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of special proteins, with the expenditure of energy
          \nII) Porin is a larger transport protein, facilitates smaller molecules to pass through.
          \nIII) Aquaporins are recognized to transport urea, CO2<\/sub>, NH3 metalloid & ROS
          \nIV) The carrier proteins structure does not get modified due to its association with the molecules
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. False True True False<\/p>\n

          Question 32.
          \nI) Hypertonic is a strong solution (low solvent\/high solute\/ low \u03a8 )
          \nII) Hypotonic is a weak solution (high solvent\/low or zero solutes\/ high \u03a8)
          \nIII) Hypertonic is the weak solution (high solvent\/low or zero solutes\/high \u03a8)
          \nIV) Hypotonic is a strong solution (low solvent \/ high solute\/low \u03a8)
          \n\"Samacheer
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. True True False False<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 33.
          \nFrom sieve elements sucrose is translocated into sink organs such as root, tubers etc and this process is termed as:
          \n(a) Xylem unloading
          \n(b) Xylem uploading
          \n(c) Phloem unloading
          \n(d) Phloem uploading
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) Phloem unloading<\/p>\n

          Question 34.
          \nThe value of pure water is zero in which three aspects of the given options
          \nI) Osmotic pressure
          \nII) Osmotic potential
          \nIII) Water potential
          \nIV) Pressure potential
          \na) I, II, & III
          \nb) II, III & IV
          \nc) I, Ill & IV
          \nd) I, II & IV
          \nAnswer:
          \na. I, II & III<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 35.
          \nGases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the cell membrane by
          \na) Passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer
          \nb) Primary active transport
          \nc) Specific gas transport proteins
          \nd) Secondary active transport
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          Question 36.
          \nHydathodes are generally present in plants that grow in:
          \n(a) dry places
          \n(b) moist and shady places
          \n(c) sunny places
          \n(d) deserts
          \nAnswer:
          \n(b) moist and shady places<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 37.
          \nWhy sugars are transported in the form of su-crose in phloem?
          \na) It is inactive and highly soluble
          \nb) It is active
          \nc) It yields high ATP
          \nd) It is lighter in weight.
          \nAnswer:
          \na. It is inactive and highly soluble<\/p>\n

          Question 38.
          \nUnloading of pholem at sink includes
          \na) Passive transport
          \nb) diffusio
          \nc) Osmosis
          \nd) Active transport
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. Active transport<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 39.
          \nThe liquid coming out of the hydathode of grasses is:
          \n(a) pure water
          \n(b) not pure water
          \n(c) a solution containing a number of dissolved substances
          \n(d) saltwater
          \nAnswer:
          \n(c) a solution containing a number of dissolved substances<\/p>\n

          Question 40.
          \nIn a flaccid cell
          \na) DPD = OP
          \nb) DPD = TP
          \nc) TP = OP
          \nd) OP = O
          \nAnswer:
          \na. DPD = OP<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 41.
          \nThe pathway of water movement involving living part of a cell is
          \na) Apoplast pathway
          \nb) symplast pathway
          \nc) Transmembrane pathway
          \nd) Lateral conduction
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. Symplast pathway<\/p>\n

          Question 42.
          \nThe ascent of sap is
          \na) Upward movement of water in plants
          \nb) downward movement of water in plants
          \nc) upward and downward movement of water plants
          \nd) None of the above
          \nAnswer:
          \na. upward movement of the water plants<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 43.
          \nHigh tensile strength of water is due to
          \na) Adhesion only
          \nb) cohesion only
          \nc) Both (a) and (b)
          \nd) None of these
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Both (a) and (b)<\/p>\n

          Question 44.
          \nMaximum transpiration occur in
          \na) Mesophytes
          \nb) Xerophytes
          \nc) Hydrophytes
          \nd) Epiphytes
          \nAnswer:
          \na. Mesophytes<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 45.
          \nSupply ends in transport of solutes are
          \na) green leaves
          \nb) root and stem
          \nc) xylem and phloem
          \nd) Hormones and enzymes
          \nAnswer:
          \nc. Xylem and phloem<\/p>\n

          Question 46.
          \nFor guttation in plants, the process responsible is
          \na) Root pressure
          \nb) Atmospheric pressure
          \nc) Imbibition
          \nd) None of these
          \nAnswer:
          \na. Root pressure<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 47.
          \nWhich of the following theories for Ascent of sap was proposed by famous Indian scientist. J.C. Bose.
          \na) Transpiration pull theory
          \nb) Pulsation theory
          \nc) Root pressure theory
          \nd) Atmospheric pressure theory
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. Pulsation theory<\/p>\n

          Question 48.
          \nWhich of the following plant material is an efficient water imbibant?
          \na) Lignin
          \nb) Pectin
          \nc) Cellulose
          \nd) Agar
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. Agar<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 49.
          \nWhich of the following helps in the Ascent of sap?
          \na) Root pressure
          \nb) Transpiration
          \nc) Capillarity
          \nd) All the above
          \nAnswer:
          \nd. All the above<\/p>\n

          Question 50.
          \nIn a girdled plant which of the following dies first?
          \na) Shoot
          \nb) root
          \nc) Both die simultaneously
          \nd) None – the plant survives
          \nAnswer:
          \nb. root<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 51.
          \nAssertion:-A Imbibition is also diffusion
          \nReason -R The movement of water in the above process is along a concentration gradient.
          \na) Both A and Rare true and R is correct explanation of A
          \nb) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
          \nc) A true but R false
          \nd) Both A and Rare false
          \nAnswer:
          \na) Both A and R are True and R is correct explanation of A<\/p>\n

          Question 52.
          \nAssertion: – A In rooted plant, the transport of water and minerals in xylem is essentially multi-directional
          \nReason – R Organic compound and nuitrient undergoes undirectional transport only
          \nAnswer:
          \nd) Both A and R are false<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 53.
          \nAssertion: – A The adsorption of water by solid particles of an adsorbant with out forming a solution is known as imbibition
          \nReason: – R The liquid which is imbided is known as imbibate
          \nAnswer:
          \nb) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A<\/p>\n

          Question 54.
          \nAssertion: – A In phloem loading, food is transported to the sink
          \nReason – R Food is transported from source to sink ‘
          \nAnswer:
          \nd) Both Assertion \u2018A\u2019 and Reason \u2018R\u2019 are false<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 55.
          \nAssertion – A: Xylem a principal water conducting \u2019
          \nReason -R: It has been recognised by girdling or ringing experiments
          \nAnswer:
          \na) Both A and R are True R is the correct explanation of A<\/p>\n

          Question 56.
          \nAssertion: – A In phloem, sugar are translocated in non reducing form
          \nReason – R Non reducing sugars are most reactive sugars
          \nAnswer:
          \nc) Assertion is true but Reason is false<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 57.
          \nAssertion: AIn ringing experiment a narrow continuous band of tissues external to the phloem is removed
          \nReason: R Ringing experiment proves that phloem is involved in water transport \u2019
          \nAnswer:
          \nd) Both A and R are false<\/p>\n

          II. Two Mark Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

          Question 1.
          \nWhat is the need for the transport of materials in plants?
          \nAnswer:
          \nWater absorbed from roots must travel up to leaves by xylem for food preparation by photosynthesis. Likewise, food prepared from leaves has to travel to all parts of the plant including roots.<\/p>\n

          Question 2.
          \nWhat is osmosis
          \nAnswer:
          \nIt is a special type of diffusion almost same like simple diffusion but has a selectively permeable membrane is here, through which osmosis occur.
          \n(OR)
          \nIt is the movement of water molecules from a place of its higher concentration, to the place of its lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 3.
          \nDefine the term diffusion.
          \nAnswer:
          \nThe net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration along a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is attained.<\/p>\n

          Question 4.
          \nThe touch me plant closes its leaves at the touch – Explain.
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • In the \u2018Touch me not\u2019 plant the touching act as stimulus, and it closes the leaves.<\/li>\n
          • When we touch the plant, at that time the stem releases some chemicals, which force water to move out of the cell leading to the loss of Turgor pressure and the leaves droop down However after sometime they become normal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 5.
            \nWhat is meant by Porin?
            \nAnswer:
            \nPorin is a large transporter protein found in the outer membrane of plastids, mitochondria and bacteria which facilitates smaller molecules to pass through the membrane.<\/p>\n

            Question 6.
            \nDefine water potential
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • The potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water when both temperature and pressure are ketp same.<\/li>\n
            • It is a measure of how freely water molecules can move in a given environment<\/li>\n
            • Water potential of pure water is = 0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Question 7.
              \nDefine Diffusion Pressure Deficit.
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Termed by Meyer (1938)<\/li>\n
              • The difference between the Diffusion pressure of the solution and its solvent at a particular temperature and atmospheric pressure of the solution and its solvent at a particular temperature and atmospheric pressure is called DPD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                Question 8.
                \nDifferentiate between short distance and Long Distance Transport.
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                SDT<\/td>\nLDT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                1. Cell to cell Transport
                \nInvolve few cells ni lateral direction<\/td>\n                		Transport with in the network of xylem and
                \nphloem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                2. Connecting link to xylem bind phloem from root hairs to leaf tissues<\/td>\nDirect vertical – main Transport<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                3. Eg. Diffusion, Osmosis etc<\/td>\n4. Eg. Ascent of sap & Translocation of solutes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Question 9.
                \nDifferentiate between Passive & Active Transport
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                PT<\/td>\nAT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                1. Down hill Transport (Phyical)<\/td>\nUp hill Transport (Biological)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                2. Occur According to concentration gradient<\/td>\nOccur against concentration gradient<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                3. No expenditure of energy<\/td>\nThere is expenditure of energy obtained from Respiration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                4. Eg. Diffusion \u2013 Facilitated Diffusion osmosis etc.<\/td>\nEg. Na+<\/sup> K+<\/sup> ATP are pump.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Question 10.
                \nGive two examples of the phenomenon of Imbibition.
                \nAnswer:
                \ntwo examples for the phenomenon of Imbibition:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. The swelling of dry seeds.<\/li>\n
                2. The swelling of wooden windows, tables, doors due to high humidity during the rainy season.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 11.
                  \nExplain carbonic Acid Exchange theory.
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Soil solution act as a medium of ion-exchange<\/li>\n
                  • The CO2<\/sub> released by roots combine with water to form carbonic acid (H2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>)<\/li>\n
                  • Carbonic acid dissociates into H+<\/sup> + HCO3<\/sub> in the soil solution.<\/li>\n
                  • H+<\/sup> ions exchange with cations adsorbed on clay particles and cations from micelles get released int c.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                    Question 12.
                    \nGive Answer in a sentence or two Distinguish between (i) Exomosis & Endomosis (ii) Apoplast & Symplast (iii) Cohesion & Adhesion (v) Influx & Efflux
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    I) Exomosis<\/td>\nEndomosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    The osmotic outflow of water, when cell placed in hypertonic solution<\/td>\nOsmotic inflow into the cell when placed in hypotonic solution or water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Eg. Preservation of Jam, Jellies, pickles<\/td>\nEg. Swelling of Dry grapes placed in water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
                    II) Apoplast<\/td>\nSymplast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    System of adjacent cell walls – continuous throughout except at the asparian strips of endodermis in the roots<\/td>\nSystem of interconnected protoplasts of neighbouring cells in plants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
                    III) Cohesion<\/td>\nAdhesion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Attraction between molecules of a similar kind<\/td>\nThe attraction between molecules of different kind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    IV) Influx<\/td>\nEfflux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    The entry of ion into the cell is known as Influx<\/td>\nThe exit of ion from the cell into outside is known as Efflux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    It can be active or passive<\/td>\nIt can be active or passive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Question 13.
                    \nWhat is meant by osmotic pressure?
                    \nAnswer:
                    \nWhen a solution and its solvent (pure water) are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the pressure is developed in the solution, due to the presence of dissolved solutes. This is called osmotic pressure (OP).<\/p>\n

                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                    Question 14.
                    \nDefine Root Pressure.
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Stephen Hales – coined the term<\/li>\n
                    • Stoking (1956) Defined the term.<\/li>\n
                    • A pressure developing in the tracheary elements of the xylem as a result of metabolic activities of the root.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Question 15.
                      \nDefine the term osmosis.
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nOsmosis (Latin: Osmos – impulse, urge) is a special type of diffusion. It represents the movement of water or solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from the place of its higher concentration (high water potential) to the place of its lower concentration (low water potential).<\/p>\n

                      Question 16.
                      \nWhy plants transport sugars as sucrose and not as starch or Monosaccharide (Glucose & Fructose)
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Name<\/td>\nType<\/td>\nProperties<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      1.Starch<\/td>\nPolysaccharide (non reducing sugar)<\/td>\nInsoluble in water cann\u2019t be transport<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      2. Glucose & Fructose<\/td>\nMonosaccharides (reducing sugar)<\/td>\nSoluble in water but less efficient in energy storage & reactive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      3. Sucrose<\/td>\nDisaccharide(non reducing sugar)<\/td>\nSoluble in water, even at high concentration, low viscosity, more efficient in energy storage no reducing ends make it inert than glucose & Fructose.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      Question 17.
                      \nWhat are the three types of plasmolysis?
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nThree types of plasmolysis occur in plants:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Incipient plasmolysis<\/li>\n
                      2. Evident plasmolysis<\/li>\n
                      3. Final plasmolysis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 18.
                        \nIdentify the diagram and Neatly label the parts
                        \nAnswer:
                        \n\"Samacheer
                        \nThe given diagram is the structure of Hydathode
                        \nA-Guard cell
                        \nB-Epithem
                        \nC-Tracheids<\/p>\n

                        Question 19.
                        \nIdentify the Diagram & Label the parts.
                        \nAnswer:
                        \n\"Samacheer
                        \nThe given diagram explain Reverse osmosis
                        \nA – Pressure
                        \nB – Pure water
                        \nC – Saltwater
                        \nD – Membrane<\/p>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 20.
                        \nDifferentiate between Ascent of sap and Translocation of solute.
                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Ascent of sap<\/td>\nTranslocation of solute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        The upward transport of water along with dissolved minerals from roots to the aerial parts is called as Ascent of sap.<\/td>\nThe transport of food from the site of synthesis to the site of utilization or from source to sink is known as Translocation of organic solutes (a dissolved substance)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        Occur through Xylem<\/td>\nOccur through Phloem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Question 21.
                        \nGive any two objections to starch-sugar interconversion theory.
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nTwo objections to starch – sugar interconversion theory:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. In monocots, the guard cell does not have starch.<\/li>\n
                        2. There is no evidence to show the presence of sugar at a time when starch disappears and stomata open.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Question 22.
                          \nDifferentiate between cuticular and Lenticular Transpiration.
                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          Cuticular Transpiration<\/td>\nLenticular Transpiration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          Loss of water through cuticle is known as cuticular Transpiration<\/td>\nSome pores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          It is only about 5 to 10% of the total Transpiration<\/td>\nPresent on the woody surface of stem (bark) are known as Lenticels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          The thicker the cuticle, the lesser will be the Transpiration. Eg. xerophytes<\/td>\nThe loss of water from the lenticel is Lenticular Transpiration – It is only about 0.1 % of the total.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          Question 23.
                          \nMention any two uses of anti – transpirants.
                          \nAnswer:
                          \nTwo uses of anti – transpirants:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Anti – transpirants reduce the enormous loss of water by transpiration in crop plants.<\/li>\n
                          2. Useful for seedling transplantations in nurseries.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                            Question 24.
                            \nGive notes an Aquaporin.
                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Water pore – Aquaporin in KBC was discovered by Peter Agre (Nobel Prize for chemistry – 2003)<\/li>\n
                            • Water channel protein is present in PM.<\/li>\n
                            • Regulate the massive amount of water transport across PM<\/li>\n
                            • 30 types of Aquaporins are known from maize<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              They also transporter<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • glycerol<\/li>\n
                              • urea<\/li>\n
                              • CO2<\/span><\/li>\n
                              • NH<\/li>\n
                              • metalloids & Reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Function:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • They increase the permeability of the membrane of water<\/li>\n
                                • They confer drought and salt, stress tolerance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Question 25.
                                  \nDefine the term Ion – Exchange.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nIons of external soil solution are exchanged with the same charged (anion for anion or cation for cation) ions of the root cells.<\/p>\n

                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                  Question 26.
                                  \nA. Differentiate between Cohesion and Adhesion and
                                  \nB. Add a note on their significance.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Cohesion<\/td>\nAdhesion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  The strong mutual attraction between water molecules is called cohesion or cohesive force.<\/td>\nThe Attraction between a water molecule and the wall of the xylem element is called adhesion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  B. The cohesive and Adhesive forces work together to form an unbroken continuous water column in xylem.
                                  \nThe magnitude of cohesive force is much high (350 atm) and is more than enough to ascent sap in the tallest
                                  \ntrees.<\/p>\n

                                  III. 3 Mark Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

                                  Question 1.
                                  \nCompare and Contrast Diffusion & Osmosis.
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Diffusion<\/td>\nOsmosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  1. The net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration along a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is attained<\/td>\nIt is a special type of diffusion – There is movement of water or solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a place of its higher concentration to its lower concentration until an equilibrium is attained.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  2. it is independent of the living system<\/td>\nIt is also independent of the living system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  3. Passive process<\/td>\nPassive process<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  4. Obvious in solids gases & liquids Only in liquid molecules Eg. diffusion of sugar in water<\/td>\nEg. Dry grapes, when kept in water swells, & becomes turgid.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  Question 2.
                                  \nDifferentiate between osmotic pressure it and osmotic potential
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Osmotic pressure<\/td>\nOsmotic potential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  1. The hydrostatic pressure developed in a solution. due to the presence of dissolved solutes when it is separated from a pure solvent by a semi-permeable membrane.<\/td>\nThe ratio between the number of solvent particles and the number of solute particles in a solution or (lowering of free energy of water in a system due to the presence of solute particles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  2. develops only in a confined system.<\/td>\ndevelops in confined or an open system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  3. The value is positive, though it is numerically equal to osmotic potential<\/td>\nThe value is negative though it is numerically opposite to osmotic pressure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  Question 3.
                                  \nDo you have an R.O. Purifier \u00a1n your house? Explain the principle behind it.
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Yes \/ No – R.O. is working on the principle of osmosis. but in the reverse direction.<\/li>\n
                                  • In regular osmosis water moves from its higher concentration to its lower concentration through the selectively permeable membrane but here water moves from lower concentration to higher concentration through selectively permeable membrane.<\/li>\n
                                  • Since against concentration gradient, there is the expenditure of energy, to apply pressure, to force water in a reverse direction.<\/li>\n
                                  • Eg- Desalination plants to purify seawater also work like R-O-Purifiers Movement of Water in house hold usage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                    Question 4.
                                    \nDifference between various plasmolysis types
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                    Question 5.
                                    \nDefine Antitranspirant.
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \nAntitranspirant is any material applied to plants to retard or reduce the rate of transpiration – without disturbing the process of gaseous exchange, for respiration and photosynthesis.
                                    \nEg. Colourless plastics silicone oil and low viscosity waxes.<\/p>\n

                                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                    Question 6.
                                    \nWhat are the inducers of stomatal closure.
                                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Natural antitranspirants usually induce stomatal closure
                                      \nEg. CO2<\/span> – inhibits photorespiration – thereby induces stomata! closure<\/li>\n
                                    • Some chemicals, when applied as a foliar spray can induce stomatal closure for 2 – 3 weeks.
                                      \nEg. (PMA) Phenyl Mercuric Acetate & (ABA) Abscisic Acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Question 7.
                                      \nFill in the blanks in the tabulations given below<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      The Study<\/td>\nYear<\/td>\nScientist associated with it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      1. The concept of water potential<\/td>\n1960<\/td>\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      2. Active and Passive absorptions<\/td>\n1949<\/td>\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      3. Pulsation theory<\/td>\n1923<\/td>\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Answer:
                                      \n1) Slatyer & Taylor 2) Kramer 3) J.C. Bose<\/p>\n

                                      Question 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Nature of membrane<\/td>\nDefinition<\/td>\nExample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      1. Impermeable<\/td>\n1. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/td>\nsuberized. cutinizedcell walls<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      2. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/td>\nAllow diffusion of solvent molecules, do not allow the passage of solute molecules<\/td>\nParched paper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      3. Selectively permeable<\/td>\nbiomembranes allow some solutes to pass in addition to solvent molecules<\/td>\n3. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Answer:
                                      \n1) Inhibit the movement of both solvent and solute molecules
                                      \n2) Semipermeable
                                      \n3) Tonoplast & plasmalemma<\/p>\n

                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 9.
                                      \nGive the flow chart to cell to cell transport in plants.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 10.
                                      \nExplain the capillary theory of Boehm (1809).
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nCapillary theory: Boehm (1809) suggested that the xylem vessels work like a capillary tube. This capillarity of the vessels under normal atmospheric pressure is responsible for the ascent of sap. This theory was rejected because the magnitude of the capillary force can raise water level only up to a certain height. Further, the xylem vessels are broader than the tracheid which actually conducts more water and against the capillary theory.<\/p>\n

                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 11.
                                      \nExplain Phloem loading?
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nDefinition:
                                      \nThe products of Photosynthesis from the Mesophyll of leaves to sieve elements of phloem is known as phloem loading. (Just like the cement sack manufactured in a factory being loaded in a vehicle to be transported the respective site)
                                      \nIt involves 3 steps.
                                      \nStep I:<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. The chloroplast has photosynthate in the form of starch or Trlose phosphate<\/li>\n
                                      2. It is transported to the cytoplasm, where it is converted into Sucrose.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                        Question 12.
                                        \nExplain the theory of photosynthesis in guard cells observed by Von Mohl with its demerits.
                                        \nAnswer:
                                        \nVon Mohl (1856) observed that stomata open in light and close in the night. According to him, chloroplasts present in the guard cells photosynthesize in the presence of light resulting in the production of carbohydrate (Sugar) which increases osmotic pressure in guard cells. It leads to the entry of water from other cells and the stomatal aperture opens. The above process vice versa in the night leads to the closure of stomata.<\/p>\n

                                        Demerits:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. The chloroplast of guard cells is poorly developed and incapable of performing photosynthesis.<\/li>\n
                                        2. The guard cells already possess much amount of stored sugars.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          IV. 5 Mark Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

                                          Question 1.
                                          \nExplain \u2018routes\u2019 of Water Absorption in the roots.
                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Introduction<\/li>\n
                                          • Root hair & other epidermal cells – By imbibition absorb water from soil –<\/li>\n
                                          • By osmosis moves radically & centripetally – across\n
                                              \n
                                            • cortex<\/li>\n
                                            • Endodermis<\/li>\n
                                            • Pencycle & Xylem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              There are 3 Routes<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Apoplast<\/li>\n
                                              • Symplast<\/li>\n
                                              • Transmembrane route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                I. Apoplast ( GK – Apo – Away) Everything external to PM
                                                \n1. Cell walls
                                                \n2. Extra Cellular Space
                                                \n3. Interior of dead cells (vessel elements Tracheids)
                                                \nMovement is continuous exclusively through the cell wall or nonliving part of the plant without crossing any membrane.<\/p>\n

                                                II. Symplast (GK – Sym = within)
                                                \nEntire mass of cytosol of all the living cells in a plant + plasmo desmata + inter connecting cytoplasmic channel.
                                                \nIn the movement water has to cross PM, to enter cytoplasm of outer root cell; then move within adjoining
                                                \ncytoplasm through plasmodesmata around the vacuoles without the necessity to cross more membrane it reaches xylem.<\/p>\n

                                                III. Trans – Membrane Route<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Water enters a cell on one side and exits from the other side.<\/li>\n
                                                • It crusses 2 membranes for each cell (also through to no plast).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                  Question 2.
                                                  \nDraw & Explain the structure of Stomata.
                                                  \nAnswer:
                                                  \n1. Definition:
                                                  \nThe epidermis of leaves and green stems possess many small pores called – Stomata<\/p>\n

                                                  2. Length & Breadth
                                                  \nThe length – 10- 40\u03bc The Breadth – 3 – 10\u03bc
                                                  \nNumber Mature leaves contain 50- 500 stomata \/ mm2<\/sup><\/p>\n

                                                  3. Structure
                                                  \na. Guard Cells – A pair of Kidney shaped cells (semilunar) surrounded a small opening called stoma
                                                  \nb. Subsidiary Cells – Guard cells attached to surrounding epidermal cells known as subsidiary cells or accessory cells.<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • The inner wall of guard cell is thicker<\/li>\n
                                                  • The stoma open into an interior substomatal cavity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                    Question 3.
                                                    \nExplain osmosis by Potato osmoscope Experiment.
                                                    \nAnswer:
                                                    \nAim : To demonstrate osmosis by Potato osmoscope
                                                    \nApparatus used: Potato tuber, beaker containing water, sugar solution and pin.<\/p>\n

                                                    Definition:
                                                    \nDiffusion of water or solvent from the region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential
                                                    \nis known as osmosis.<\/p>\n

                                                    Procedure:
                                                    \nTake a peeled potato tuber and make a cavity inside with the help of a knife fill the cavity with concentrated sugar solution and mark the initial level.
                                                    \nPlace this set up in a beaker containing pure water After 10 minutes observe the sugar solution level and record your observation.<\/p>\n

                                                    Observation:
                                                    \nThere is rise in the level of the solution. in the cavity of the tuber due to osmosis
                                                    \nInference: Osmosis has occured, through the potato osmoscope
                                                    \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                    Question 4.
                                                    \nMeasure Transpiration with Ganong\u2019s Photometer
                                                    \nAnswer:
                                                    \nAim: To measure the rate of Transpiration with Ganong\u2019s Potometer
                                                    \nApparatus needed: Ganong\u2019s Potometer, a twig, beaker, water, split rubber cork, and vaseline.<\/p>\n

                                                    Procedure:<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Ganong\u2019s Potometer is a horizontal graduated tube which is bent in opposite directions at the ends.<\/li>\n
                                                    • A reservoir is fixed to the horizontal tube hear the wider end Reservoir has stop cock to regulate water flow.<\/li>\n
                                                    • A twig is fixed to the wider arm through the split cork. The apparatus is filled with water with water from reservoir.<\/li>\n
                                                    • The apparatus is made air tight by applying vaseline.<\/li>\n
                                                    • The other bent end of the horizontal tube is dipped into a beaker containing coloured water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                      An air bubble is introduced into the graduated tube at the narrow end. Keep the apparatus in bright sunIght
                                                      \nand observe<\/p>\n

                                                      Observation:
                                                      \nAs the twig transpires, the air bubble move towards the twig.
                                                      \nThis loss is compensated by water ohsorption from the beaker.<\/p>\n

                                                      inference:
                                                      \nBy the experiment we can study the rate of Transpiration and rate of transpiration is equal to the rate of water absorption.<\/p>\n

                                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                      Question 5.
                                                      \nExplain Mechanism of Translocation by Munch Mass flow Hypothesis
                                                      \nAnswer:
                                                      \nMunch – Proposed it in 1930 Crafts – elaborated it in 1938
                                                      \nDefinition: Organic substances (solute) move from a region of high osmotic pressure (mesophyll) to
                                                      \nregion of low OP along TP gradient.<\/p>\n

                                                      Example – Physical system :
                                                      \nChamber \u2018A\u2019 & chamber \u2018B\u2019 made up of semi permeable membrane connected by a tube ‘T’
                                                      \nA – Contain highly concentrated sugar solution (hypertonic)
                                                      \nB – Contain dilute sugar solution (hypotonic)
                                                      \nA – draws water from the reservoir by Endosmosis – TP of chamber \u2018A\u2019 increased<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Continuous entry of water in to A – TP increased<\/li>\n
                                                      • Flow of solute from chamber A to B thro TP gradient.<\/li>\n
                                                      • The movement continues till both Aand B attain isotonic condition (equilibrium)
                                                        \n(However if new sugar solution added to A system will start to run again)
                                                        \nExample (Biological system)<\/li>\n
                                                      • Chamber A (Source) – (Equivalent to) – Mesophyll cells of leaves (High concentration of soluble food)<\/li>\n
                                                      • Chamber B (Sink) – (Equivalent to) – Cells of stem & Roots (Consumption end)<\/li>\n
                                                      • TubeT – (Analogous to) – Sieve tube to phloem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        Steps :
                                                        \n1. Xylem (Reservoir) – Movement of water (Endomosis) – Mesophyll cells (TP increase)
                                                        \n2. Mesophyll cells (High TP) Source – enmass movement of\u00a0 organic solutes through Phloem by TP Gradient\u00a0 – Cells of stem & Root (low TP) (Sink)
                                                        \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        Question 6.
                                                        \nExplain the theory of K+<\/sup> transport – or Explain the mechanism of stomatal movement
                                                        \nAnswer:
                                                        \nIntroduction:
                                                        \nLevit (1974) – Proposed it
                                                        \nRaschke (1975) – Elaborated it
                                                        \nSteps:
                                                        \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        This process of exchange of ions is called Actie ion exchange ( consume ATP) or Energy<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Increased K+<\/sup> ions in the Guard cells – balanced by CP ions<\/li>\n
                                                        • Increase in solute concentration (Hypertonic) Decrease in water potential<\/li>\n
                                                        • Water enters into Guard cells from subsidiary cells<\/li>\n
                                                        • Wall pressure increase Turgor pressure, Turgid guard cells – fall apart & opens the stoma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          \"Samacheer
                                                          \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Exit of H+<\/sup><\/li>\n
                                                          • Intake of K+<\/sup><\/li>\n
                                                          • Exit of K+<\/sup><\/li>\n
                                                          • Loss of H2<\/span>O<\/li>\n
                                                          • Uptake of H2<\/span>O+<\/sup><\/li>\n
                                                          • Turgidity of Guard Cells<\/li>\n
                                                          • Accumulation of CO2<\/span> – Lowering of pH<\/li>\n
                                                          • Opening of Stoma.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Activation of ABA<\/li>\n
                                                          • Closure of Stoma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                            Question 7.
                                                            \nExplain Cytochrome Pump Theory (or) Explain Carrier concept of Active Absorption, through cytochrome Pump theory.
                                                            \nAnswer:
                                                            \nLunde gardth & Burstom (1933)- Proposed the Cytochrome<\/p>\n

                                                            Pump theory:<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • There is correlation between Respiration & Anion absorption.<\/li>\n
                                                            • when a plant is transferred from water to salt solution, the rate of respiration increases – known as Anion respiration – or salt respiration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              The Assumptions of Cytochrome pump theory:<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • The mechanism of anion and cation absorption is different.<\/li>\n
                                                              • Anion – absorption – through cytochrome pump or chain by Active process<\/li>\n
                                                              • An oxygen gradient is responsible for oxidation at outer surface of the membrane and reduction at the inner surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                Explanation:<\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • On the inner surface, the enzyme dehydrogenase Produces protons (W) and electrons (e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Anions are picked up by oxidized cytochrome oxidase and transferred to the other members of the chain.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Theory assumes the passive movement of cations (C+<\/sup>) along the electrical gradient created by the accumulation of anions (A–<\/sup>) at the inner surface of the membrane.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    Defects :<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Cations also induce respiration<\/li>\n
                                                                      • to fail to explain the selective uptake of ions<\/li>\n
                                                                      • It explains absorption of anions only.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                                        Question 8.
                                                                        \nExplain the opening and closing of stomata by a starch – sugar – Interconversion theory.
                                                                        \nAnswer:
                                                                        \ni) Lloyd (1908)
                                                                        \nAccording to him, turgidity of Guard cell is due to interconversion of starch \u2192 sugar<\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Day time:
                                                                          \nGuard cells have sugar \u2192 so turgid \u2192 opening of stomata<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Nighttime:
                                                                          \nGuard cells have starch \u2192 so loose turgidity (become flaccid) \u2192 closure of stomata<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          ii) Sayre (1920)
                                                                          \nAccording to him, the pH of Guard cell determine opening and closing of stomata<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Day time: Guard cells have high pH \u2192so turgid \u2192 opening of stomata<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Nighttime: Guard cells have low pH \u2192 become flaccid \u2192 closure of stomata to be elaborate<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Day time: Utilisation of CO2<\/sub>. in photosynthesis \u2192 Starch into sugar \u2192 high pH \u2192 high Turgor pressure\u2192Opening of Stomata<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Night Time: No photosynthesis, so the accumulation of CO2<\/sub> \u2192 sugar to starch \u2192 low pH \u2192 decrease in TP \u2192 closure of stomata<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            iii) Hanes (1940)
                                                                            \nAccording to Hanes – Enzyme phosphorylase is responsible for starch sugar conversion in the guard cells.<\/p>\n

                                                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                            Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 11 Transport in Plants Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes. Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 11 Transport in Plants 11th Bio Botany Guide Transport in Plants Text Book Back Questions and Answers Part – I Question 1. In …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-class-11"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35877"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35877"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35877\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41727,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35877\/revisions\/41727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35877"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35877"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35877"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}