{"id":37589,"date":"2025-01-01T03:59:12","date_gmt":"2024-12-31T22:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/?p=37589"},"modified":"2025-01-02T10:48:49","modified_gmt":"2025-01-02T05:18:49","slug":"samacheer-kalvi-11th-chemistry-guide-chapter-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/samacheer-kalvi-11th-chemistry-guide-chapter-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide Chapter 15 Environmental Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide<\/a> Pdf Chapter 15 Environmental Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.<\/p>\n

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 15 Environmental Chemistry<\/h2>\n

11th Chemistry Guide Environmental Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Textbook Evaluation:<\/span><\/p>\n

I. Choose the best answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nThe gaseous envelope around the earth is known as atmosphere. The region lying between an altitudes of 11 – 50 km is _______.
\n(a) Troposphere
\n(b) Mesosphere
\n(c) Thermosphere
\n(d) Stratosphere
\nAnswer:
\n(d) Stratosphere<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhich of the following belongs to secondary air pollutant?
\n(a) Hydrocarbon
\n(b) Peroxy acetyl nitrate
\n(c) Carbon monoxide
\n(d) Nitric oxide
\nAnswer:
\n(a) Hydrocarbon<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhich of the following is natural and human disturbance in ecology?
\n(a) Forest fire
\n(b) Floods
\n(c) Acid rain
\n(d) Green house effect
\nAnswer:
\n(b) Floods<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nBhopal Gas Tragedy is a case of _______.
\n(a) thermal pollution
\n(b) air pollution
\n(c) nuclear pollution
\n(d) land pollution
\nAnswer:
\n(c) nuclear pollution<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nHaemoglobin of the blood forms carboxy haemoglobin with
\n(a) Carbon dioxide
\n(b) Carbon tetra chloride
\n(c) Carbon monoxide
\n(d) Carbonic acid
\nAnswer:
\n(c) Carbon monoxide<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nWhich sequence for green house gases is based on GWP?
\n(a) CFC > N2<\/sub>O > CO2<\/sub> > CH4<\/sub>
\n(b) CFC > CO2<\/sub> > N2<\/sub>O > CH4<\/sub>
\n(c) CFC > N2<\/sub>O > CH4<\/sub> > CO2<\/sub>
\n(d) CFC > CH4<\/sub> > N2<\/sub>O > CO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\n(b) CFC > CO2<\/sub> > N2<\/sub>O > CH4<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nPhoto chemical smog formed in congested metropolitan cities mainly consists of
\n(a) Ozone, SO2<\/sub> and hydrocarbons
\n(b) Ozone, PAN and NO2<\/sub>
\n(c) PAN, smoke and SO2<\/sub>
\n(d) Hydrocarbons, SO2<\/sub> and CO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\n(d) Hydrocarbons, SO2<\/sub> and CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nThe pH of normal rain water is
\n(a) 6.5
\n(b) 7.5
\n(c) 5.6
\n(d) 4.6
\nAnswer:
\n(c) 5.6<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nOzone depletion will cause
\n(a) forest fires
\n(b) eutrophication
\n(c) bio magnification
\n(d) global warming
\nAnswer:
\n(a) forest fires<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\n_______ is considered to be ozone friendly substitute for CFC\u2019S
\n(a) HFC (Hydro Fluro Carbon)
\n(b) Halons
\n(c) PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate)
\n(d) PAH (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon)
\nAnswer:
\n(d) PAH (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon)<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nIdentify the wrong statement in the following.
\n(a) The clean water would have a BOD value of less than 5 ppm
\n(b) Greenhouse effect is also called Global warming
\n(c) Minute solid particles in air are known as particulate pollutants
\n(d) Biosphere is the protective blanket of gases surrounding the earth
\nAnswer:
\n(c) Minute solid particles in air are known as particulate pollutants<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nLiving in the atmosphere of CO is dangerous because it
\n(a) combines with O2<\/sub> present inside to form CO2<\/sub>
\n(b) Reduces organic matter of tissues
\n(c) Combines with hemoglobin and makes it incapable to absorb oxygen
\n(d) Dries up the blood
\nAnswer:
\n(c) Combines with hemoglobin and makes it incapable to absorb oxygen<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nWorld Ozone layer protection Day is celebrated in ________.
\n(a) June 5
\n(b) Nov – 19
\n(c) Sep – 16
\n(d) Jan – 26
\nAnswer:
\n(c) Sep – 16<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nRelease of oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere by motor vehicles is prevented by using
\n(a) grit chamber
\n(b) scrubbers
\n(c) trickling filters
\n(d) catalytic converters
\nAnswer:
\n(b) scrubbers<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nBiochemical oxygen Demand value less than 5 ppm indicates a water sample to be
\n(a) highly polluted
\n(b) poor in dissolved oxygen
\n(c) rich in dissolved oxygen
\n(d) low COD
\nAnswer:
\n(d) low COD<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nMatch the List I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
List I<\/td>\nList II<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A. Depletion of the ozone layer<\/td>\n1. CO2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B. Acid rain<\/td>\n2. NO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C. Photochemical smog<\/td>\n3. SO2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D. Greenhouse effect<\/td>\n4. CFC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Code:
\n\"Samacheer
\nAnswer:
\n(a)<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nMatch List I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
List I<\/td>\nList II<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A. Stone leprosy<\/td>\n1. CO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B. Biological magnification<\/td>\n2. Greenhouse gases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C. Global warming<\/td>\n3. Acid rain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D. Combination with hemoglobin<\/td>\n4. DDT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Code:
\n\"Samacheer
\nAnswer:
\n(d)<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nAssertion (A):
\nIf the BOD level of water in a reservoir is more than 5 pm it is highly polluted.
\nReason (R):
\nHigh biological oxygen demand means the high activity of bacteria in water.
\n(i) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
\n(ii) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
\n(iii) Both (A) and (R) are not correct
\n(iv) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
\n(a) i
\n(b) ii
\n(c) iii
\n(d) iv
\nAnswer:
\n(a) i<\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nAssertion (A):
\nExcessive use of chlorinated pesticides causes soil and water pollution.
\nReason (R):
\nSuch pesticides are non – biodegradable.
\n(i) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
\n(ii) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
\n(iii) Both (A) and (R) are not correct
\n(iv) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
\n(a) i
\n(b) ii
\n(c) iii
\n(d) iv
\nAnswer:
\n(a) i<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nAssertion (A):
\nOxygen plays a key role in the troposphere
\nReason (R):
\nThe troposphere is not responsible for all biological activities
\n(i) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
\n(ii) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
\n(iii) Both (A) and (R) are not correct
\n(iv) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
\n(a) i
\n(b) ii
\n(c) iii
\n(d) iv
\nAnswer:
\n(b) ii<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

II. Write brief answer to the following questions:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nDissolved oxygen in water is responsible for aquatic life. What processes are responsible for the reduction in dissolved oxygen in water?
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Organic matter such as leaves, grass, trash can pollute water. Microorganisms present in water can decompose this organic matter and consume dissolved oxygen in water.<\/li>\n
  • Eutrophication is a process by which water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulates excessive plant growth. This enhanced plant growth in water bodies is called algal bloom.<\/li>\n
  • The growth of algae in extreme abundance covers the water surface and reduces the oxygen concentration in water. Thus, bloom-infeded water inhibits the growth of others. living organisms in the water body.<\/li>\n
  • This process in which the nutrient-rich water support a dense plant population kills animal life by depriving it of oxygen and results in loss of biodiversity is known as eutrophication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Question 22.
    \nWhat would happen, if the greenhouse gases were totally missing in the earth\u2019s atmosphere?
    \nAnswer:
    \nThe solar energy radiated back from the earth’s surface is absorbed by the greenhouse gases. (CO2<\/sub>, CH4<\/sub>, O3<\/sub>, CFCs) are present near the earth\u2019s surface. They heat up the atmosphere near the earth\u2019s surface and keep it warm.<\/p>\n

    As a result of these, there is the growth of vegetation that supports life. In the absence of this effect, there will be no life of both plant and animal on the surface of the earth.<\/p>\n

    Question 23.
    \nDefine smog.
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Smog is a combination of smoke and fog which form droplets that remain suspended in the air.<\/li>\n
    • Smog is a chemical mixture of gases that forms a brownish-yellow haze. It mainly consists of ground-level ozone, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, SO2<\/sub>, acidic aerosols and some other gases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Question 24.
      \nWhich is considered to be the earth\u2019s protective umbrella? Why?
      \nAnswer:
      \nAt high altitudes to the atmosphere consists of a layer of ozone (O3<\/sub>) which acts as an umbrella or shield for harmful UV radiations. It protects us from harmful effects such as skin cancer. UV radiation can convert molecular oxygen into ozone as shown in the following reaction.
      \nO2<\/sub>(g) \"Samacheer O(g) + O(g)
      \nO(g) + O2<\/sub>(g) \"Samacheer O3<\/sub>(g)<\/p>\n

      Question 25.
      \nWhat are degradable and non – degradable pollutants?
      \nAnswer:
      \nThe pollutants are classified as bio-degradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.<\/p>\n

      Bio-degradable pollutants:
      \nThe pollutants which can be easily decomposed by the natural biological processes are called bio-degradable pollutants.
      \nExample:
      \nplant wastes, animal wastes, etc.<\/p>\n

      Non-bio-degradable pollutants:
      \nThe pollutants which cannot be decomposed by the natural biological processes are called Non-bio-degradable
      \npollutants.
      \nExamples:
      \nMetal wastes (mainly Hg and Pb), D.D.T, plastics, nuclear wastes, etc.,
      \nThese pollutants are harmful to living organisms even in low concentrations. As they are not degraded naturally, it is difficult to eliminate them from our environment.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 26.
      \nFrom where does ozone come in the photochemical smog?
      \nAnswer:
      \nNO2<\/sub> \"Samacheer NO + (O)
      \nO3<\/sub> are strong oxidizing agent and can react with unburnt hydrocarbons in polluted air to form formaldehyde, acrolein and peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).<\/p>\n

      Question 27.
      \nA person was using water supplied by corporation. Due to shortage of water he started using underground water. He felt laxative effect. What could be the cause?
      \nAnswer:
      \nDrinking water containing moderate level of sulphatcs is harmless. But excessive concentration (>500 ppm) of suiphates in drinking water causes laxative effect.<\/p>\n

      Question 28.
      \nWhat is green chemistry?
      \nAnswer:
      \nEfforts to control environmental pollution resulted in development of science for synthesis of chemicals favorable to environment which is called green chemistry. Green chemistry means science of environmentally favorable chemical synthesis.<\/p>\n

      Question 29.
      \nExplain how does greenhouse effect cause global warming.
      \nAnswer:
      \nGreenhouse effect may be defined as the heating up of the earth surface due to trapping of infrared radiations reflected by earth\u2019s surface by CO2<\/sub> layer in the atmosphere\u201d. The heating up of earth through the greenhouse effect is called global warming.<\/p>\n

      Without the heating caused by the greenhouse effect, Earth’s average surface temperature would be only about -18 \u00b0C (CPF). Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it is intensified by the continuous emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

      During the past 100 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent and the amount of methane more than doubled. If these trends continue, the average global temperature will increase which can lead to melting of polar ice caps and flooding of low lying areas. This will increase incidence of infectious diseases like dengue, malaria etc.<\/p>\n

      Question 30.
      \nMention the standards prescribed by BIS for quality of drinking water.
      \nAnswer:
      \nStandard characteristics prescribed for deciding the quality of drinking water by BIS, in 1991 are shown in Table.
      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 31.
      \nHow does classical smog differ from photochemical smog?
      \nAnswer:
      \nClassical smog:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Classical smog is caused by coal smoke and fog.<\/li>\n
      • It occurs in cold humid climate.<\/li>\n
      • The chemical composition is the mixture of SO2<\/sub>, SO3<\/sub> gases and humidity.<\/li>\n
      • Chemically it is reducing in nature because of high concentration of SO, and so it is also called reducing smog.<\/li>\n
      • It is primarily responsible for acid rain.<\/li>\n
      • It also causes bronchial irritation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Photochemical smog:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Photochemical smog is cause by photochemical oxidants.<\/li>\n
        • It occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate.<\/li>\n
        • The chemical composition is the mixture of NO2<\/sub> and O3<\/sub> gases.<\/li>\n
        • Chemically it is oxidising in nature because of high concentration of oxidising agents such as NO2<\/sub> and O3<\/sub><\/li>\n
        • and so it is also called oxidising smog.<\/li>\n
        • It causes irritation to eyes, skin and lungs and increase the chances of asthma.<\/li>\n
        • It causes corrosion of metals, stones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Question 32.
          \nWhat are particulate pollutants? Explain any three.
          \nAnswer:
          \n1. Particulate pollutants are small solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in air. Many of particulate pollutants are hazardous.
          \nExamples: dust, pollen, smoke, soot and liquid droplets (aerosols) etc,<\/p>\n

          2. Smoke particulate consists of solid particles (or) mixture of solid and liquid particles formed by the combustion of organic matter.
          \nFor example, cigarette smoke, oil smoke, smokes from burning fossil fuel, garbage and dry leaves.<\/p>\n

          3. Dust composed of fine solid particles produced during crushing and grinding of solid materials.
          \nFor example, sand from sandblasting, sawdust from woodworks, cement dust from cement factories and fly ash from power generating units.<\/p>\n

          Question 33.
          \nEven though the use of pesticides increases crop production, they adversely affect the living organisms. Explain the function and the adverse effects of the pesticides.
          \nAnswer:
          \nPesticides are the chemicals that are used to kill or stop the growth of unwanted organisms. But these pesticides can affect the health of human beings. Pesticides are classified as
          \n(a) insecticides,
          \n(b) Fungicides and
          \n(c) Herbicides.<\/p>\n

          (a) Insecticides:
          \nInsecticides like DDT, BHC, Aidrin can stay in soil for a long period of time and are absorbed by soil. They contaminate root crops like carrot, radish.<\/p>\n

          (b) Fungicides:
          \nOrganomercury compounds dissociate in soil to produce mercury which is highly toxic.<\/p>\n

          (c) Herbicides:
          \nThey are used to control unwanted plants and are also known as weed killers. Eg, Sodium chlorate, sodium nitrate. They are toxic to mammals.<\/p>\n

          Question 34.
          \nEthane burns completely in air to give CO2<\/sub>, while in a limited supply of air gives CO. The same gases are found in automobile exhaust. Both CO and CO2<\/sub> are atmospheric pollutants.
          \nAnswer:
          \nThe major pollutants of oxides of carbon are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n

          (i) Carbon Monoxide:
          \nCarbon monoxide is a poisonous gas produced as a result of incomplete combustion of coal are firewood. It is released into the air mainly by. automobile exhaust. It binds with haemoglobin and form carboxy haemoglobin which impairs normal oxygen transport by blood and hence the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. This oxygen deficiency results in headache, dizziness, tension, Loss of consciousness, blurring of eye sight and cardiac arrest.<\/p>\n

          (ii) Carbon dioxide:
          \nCarbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere mainly by the process of respiration, burning of fossil fuels, forest fire, decomposition of limestone in cement industry etc.<\/p>\n

          Green plants can convert CO2<\/sub> gas in the atmosphere into carbohydrate and oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. The increased CO2<\/sub> level in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming. It causes headache and nausea.<\/p>\n

          Question 35.
          \nOn the basis of chemical reactions involved, explain how do CFC\u2019s cause depletion of ozone layer in stratosphere?
          \nAnswer:
          \nIn the presence of uv radiation, CFC\u2019s break up into chlorine free radical
          \nCF2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> \"Samacheer CF2<\/sub>Cl + Cl
          \nCFCl3<\/sub> \"Samacheer CFCl2<\/sub> + Cl
          \nCl + O3<\/sub> \u2192 ClO + O2<\/sub>
          \nClO + O \u2192 Cl + O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

          Chlorine radical is regenerated in the course of reaction. Due to this continuous attack of Cl thinning of Ozone layer takes place which leads to formation of the ozone hole.<\/p>\n

          It is estimated that for every reactive chlorine atom generated in the stratosphere 1,00,000 molecules of ozone are depleted.<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 36.
          \nHow is acid rain formed? Explain its effect.
          \nAnswer:
          \n1. Rainwater has a pli of 5.6 due to the dissolution of CO., into it. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere may be absorbed by droplets of water that make up the clouds and get chemically converted into sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Due to this, the pH of rainwater drops below the level of 5.6. Hence it is called acid rain.<\/p>\n

          2. Acid rain is a by-product of sulphur and Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Burning of fossil fuels in power stations, furnaces and petrol, diesel in motor engines produce SO2<\/sub> and NO2<\/sub> gases. They are converted into H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> and HNO3<\/sub> by the reaction with oxygen and water.<\/p>\n

          3. 2SO2<\/sub> + O3<\/sub> + 2H2<\/sub>O \u2192 2H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>
          \n4NO2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub>+ 2H2<\/sub>O \u2192 4HNO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

          Harmful effects of acid rain:
          \n1. Acid rain causes damage to buildings made us of marbles. This attack on marble is termed as stone leprosy.
          \nCaCO3<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>SO2<\/sub> CaSO4<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O + CO2<\/sub>\u2191<\/p>\n

          2. Acid rain affects plant and animal life in aquatic ecosystem.<\/p>\n

          3. It is harmful For agriculture, as it dissolves in the earth and removes the nutrients needed for the growth of plants.<\/p>\n

          4. It corrodes water pipes resulting in the leaching of heavy metals such as iron, lead and copper into drinking water which has toxic effects.<\/p>\n

          5. it causes respiratory ailments in humans and animals.<\/p>\n

          Question 37.
          \nWhat is sewage? What are the major steps involved in the treatment of sewage waste?
          \nAnswer:
          \nObjectives of wastewater treatment:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. To convert harmful compounds into harmless compounds.<\/li>\n
          2. To eliminate the offensive smell.<\/li>\n
          3. To remove the solid content of the sewage.<\/li>\n
          4. To destroy the disease-producing microorganisms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Treatment process:
            \nThe sewage (or) wastewater treatment process involves the following steps.<\/p>\n

            I. Preliminary Treatment:
            \nIn this treatment, coarse solids and suspended impurities are removed by passing the wastewater through bar and mesh screens.<\/p>\n

            II. Primary treatment (or) Settling process:
            \nIn this treatment, greater proportion of the suspended inorganic and organic solids are removed from the liquid sewage by settling. In order to facilitate quick settling coagulants like alum, ferrous sulphate are added. These produce large gelatinous precipitates, which entrap finely divided organic matter and settle rapidly.
            \nAl2<\/sub>(SO4<\/sub>)3<\/sub> + 6H2<\/sub>O \u2192 2Al(OH)3<\/sub> \u2193 + 3H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/p>\n

            III. Secondary (or) biological treatment:
            \nIn this treatment, biodegradable organic impurities are removed by aerobic bacteria. It removes upto 90 % of the oxygen-demanding wastes. This is done by trickling filter or activated sludge process.<\/p>\n

            (a) Trickling filter process:
            \nIt is a circular tank and is filled with either coarse or crushed rock. Sewage is sprayed over this bed by means of slowly rotating arms.
            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            When sewage starts percolating downwards, microorganisms present in the sewage grow on the surface of filtering media using organic material of the sewage as food. After completion of aerobic oxidation the treated sewage is taken to the settling tank and the sludge is removed. This process removes about 80 – 85 % of BOD.<\/p>\n

            (b) Activated sludge process:<\/p>\n

            Activated sludge is biologically active sewage and it has a large number of aerobic bacterias, which can easily oxidize the organic impurities.<\/p>\n

            The sewage effluent from primary treatment is mixed with the required amount of activated sludge. Then the mixture is aerated in the aeration tank. Under this condition, organic impurities of the sewage get oxidized rapidly by the microorganisms.
            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            After aeration, the sewage is taken to the sedimentation tank. Sludges settle down in this tank, called activated sludge, a portion of which is used for seeding fresh batch of the sewage. This process removes about 90-95 % of BOD.<\/p>\n

            IV. Tertiary treatment:
            \nAfter the secondary treatment, the sewage effluent has a lower BOD (25 ppm), which can be removed by the tertiary treatment process.<\/p>\n

            In the tertiary treatment, the effluent is introduced into a flocculation tank, where lime is added to remove phosphates. From the flocculation tank the effluent is led to ammonia stripping tower, where pH is maintained to 11 and the NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> is converted to gaseous NH3<\/sub>. Then the effluent is allowed to pass through activated charcoal column, where minute organic wastes are absorbed by charcoal. Finally the effluent water is treated with disinfectant (chlorine).<\/p>\n

            V. Disposal of sludge:
            \nThis is the last stage in the sewage treatment. Sludge formed from different steps can be disposed by<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. dumping into low – lying areas,<\/li>\n
            2. burning of sludge (incineration),<\/li>\n
            3. dumping into the sea,<\/li>\n
            4. using it as low grade fertilizers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

              Question 38.
              \nDifferentiate the following:
              \n(i) BOD and COD
              \n(ii) Viable and non-viable particulate pollutants.
              \nAnswer:
              \n(i) BOD and COD Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD):
              \nThe total amount of oxygen in milligrams consumed by microorganisms in decomposing the waste in one litre of water at 200\u00b0C for a period of 5 days is called biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its value is expressed in ppm. BOD is used as a measure of degree of water pollution. Clean water would have BOD value less than 5 ppm whereas highly polluted water has BOD value of 17 ppm or more.<\/p>\n

              Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
              \nBOD measurement takes 5 days so another parameter called the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is measured. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is defined as the amount of oxygen required by the organic matter in a sample of water for its oxidation by a strong oxidising agent like K2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7<\/sub> in acid medium for a period of 2 hrs.<\/p>\n

              (ii) Viable and non – viable particulate pollutants:<\/p>\n

              Viable particulates:
              \nThe viable particulates are the small size living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae, etc. which are dispersed in air. Some of the fungi cause allergy in human beings and diseases in plants.<\/p>\n

              Non-viable particulates:
              \nThe non- viable particulates are small solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in air. They help in the transportation of viable particles. There are four types of non-viable particulates in the atmosphere.
              \nExample:
              \nSmoke, Dust, Mists, Fumes.<\/p>\n

              Question 39.
              \nExplain how oxygen deficiency is cause by carbon monoxide in our blood? Give its effect.
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin which impairs normal oxygen transport by blood and hence the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.<\/li>\n
              2. This oxygen deficiency results in headache, dizziness, tension, loss of consciousness, blurring of eyesight and cardiac arrest.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Question 40.
                \nWhat are the various methods you suggest to protect our environment from pollution?
                \nAnswer:
                \nMethods to control environmental pollution:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Waste management Environmental pollution can be controlled by proper disposal of wastes.<\/li>\n
                • Recycling A large number of disposed waste materials can be reuse by recycling the waste, thus it reduces the landfill.<\/li>\n
                • By substitution of less toxic solvents for highly toxic ones are used in industrial processes.<\/li>\n
                • By growing more trees.<\/li>\n
                • By using fuels with lower sulphur content.<\/li>\n
                • By control measures in vehicle emissions which are adequate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  11th Chemistry Guide Environmental Chemistry Additional Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

                  I. Choose the best answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Question 1.
                  \nWhich one of the following is a bio-degradable pollutant?
                  \n(a) DDT
                  \n(b) Plastics
                  \n(c) Mercury
                  \n(d) Wood
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Wood<\/p>\n

                  Question 2.
                  \nThe greenhouse effect is caused by
                  \n(a) CO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) NO2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) NO
                  \n(d) CO
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 3.
                  \nWhich of the following pair of oxides is responsible for acid rain?
                  \n(a) SO3<\/sub> + NO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) CO2<\/sub> + CO
                  \n(c) N2<\/sub>O + CH4<\/sub>
                  \n(d) O2<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) SO3<\/sub> + NO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 4.
                  \nIn Antarctica ozone depletion is due to the formation of the following compound
                  \n(a) acrolein
                  \n(b) peroxyacetyl nitrate
                  \n(c) SO2<\/sub> and NO2<\/sub>
                  \n(d) chlorine nitrate
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) acrolein<\/p>\n

                  Question 5.
                  \nWhich of the following is not a greenhouse gas\u2019?
                  \n(a) CO
                  \n(b) O3<\/sub>
                  \n(c) CH4<\/sub>
                  \n(d) Water vapours
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) CO<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 6.
                  \nClassical smog occurs in places of
                  \n(a) excess SO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) low temperature
                  \n(c) high temperature
                  \n(d) excess NH3<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) low temperature<\/p>\n

                  Question 7.
                  \nWhich gas is responsible for \u2018Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984?
                  \n(a) CO
                  \n(b) Methyl isocynate
                  \n(c) SO2<\/sub> and NO2<\/sub>
                  \n(d) Ethyl isocynate
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Methyl isocynate<\/p>\n

                  Question 8.
                  \nWhich gas is a main reason behind air pollution, is produced by
                  \n(a) sewage pollutant
                  \n(b) aerosols
                  \n(c) industrial remains
                  \n(d) Above all
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) aerosols<\/p>\n

                  Question 9.
                  \nWhich is a dangerous radiological pollutant?
                  \n(a) C14<\/sup>
                  \n(b) S35<\/sup>
                  \n(c) Sr90<\/sup>
                  \n(d) P32<\/sup>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Sr90<\/sup><\/p>\n

                  Question 10.
                  \nWhich is related to the \u2018Green House Effect\u2019?
                  \n(a) Farming of Green Plants
                  \n(b) Farming of Vegetables in Houses
                  \n(c) Global Warming
                  \n(d) Biodegradable pollutant
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Global Warming<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 11.
                  \nThe uppermost region of the atmosphere is called
                  \n(a) Ionosphere
                  \n(b) Mesosphere
                  \n(c) Troposphere
                  \n(d) Stratosphere
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Stratosphere<\/p>\n

                  Question 12.
                  \nWhich of the following is the coldest region of the atmosphere?
                  \n(a) Thermosphere
                  \n(b) Mesosphere
                  \n(c) Troposphere
                  \n(d) Stratosphere
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Mesosphere<\/p>\n

                  Question 13.
                  \nThe region which is greatly affected by air pollution is
                  \n(a) Thermosphere
                  \n(b) Stratosphere
                  \n(c) Troposphere
                  \n(d) Mesosphere
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Troposphere<\/p>\n

                  Question 14.
                  \nThe substance which is a primary pollutant?
                  \n(a) H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>
                  \n(b) CO
                  \n(c) PAN
                  \n(d) Aldehydes
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) CO<\/p>\n

                  Question 15.
                  \nDepletion of ozone layer causes
                  \n(a) breast cancer
                  \n(b) blood cancer
                  \n(c) lung cancer
                  \n(d) skin cancer
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) skin cancer<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 16.
                  \nFormation of London smog takes place in
                  \n(a) Winter during day time
                  \n(b) summer during day time
                  \n(c) summer during morning time
                  \n(d) winter during morning time
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) winter during morning time<\/p>\n

                  Question 17.
                  \nThe substance which is not regarded as a pollutant?
                  \n(a) NO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) CO2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) O3<\/sub>
                  \n(d) Hydrocarbons
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 18.
                  \nGreen house gases
                  \n(a) allow shorter wavelength to enter earth\u2019s atmosphere while doesn\u2019t allow longer wavelength to leave the earth\u2019s atmosphere.
                  \n(b) allow longer wavelength to enter earth atmosphere while doesn\u2019t allow shorter wavelength to leave the surface.
                  \n(c) don\u2019t have wavelength-specific character.
                  \n(d) she wavelength-specific behaviour near the earth while far from earth these have wavelength-independent behavior.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) allow shorter wavelength to enter the earth\u2019s atmosphere while doesn\u2019t allow longer wavelength to leave the earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n

                  Question 19.
                  \nCarbon monoxide (CO) is harmful to man because
                  \n(a) it forms carbolic acid
                  \n(b) it generates excess CO2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) it is carcinogenic
                  \n(d) it competes with O2<\/sub> for haemoglobin
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) it competes with O2<\/sub> for haemoglobin<\/p>\n

                  Question 20.
                  \nToday the concentration of greenhouse gases is very high because of
                  \n(a) use of refrigerator
                  \n(b) increased combustion of oils and coal
                  \n(c) deforestation
                  \n(d) All of the above
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) All of the above<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 21.
                  \nThe quantity of CO2<\/sub> in atmosphere is
                  \n(a) 3.34 %
                  \n(b) 6.5 %
                  \n(c) 0.034 %
                  \n(d) 0.34 %
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) 0.034 %<\/p>\n

                  Question 22.
                  \nBOD of pond is connected with
                  \n(a) microbes & organic matter
                  \n(b) organic matter
                  \n(c) microbes
                  \n(d) None of these
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) microbes & organic matter<\/p>\n

                  Question 23.
                  \nWhen rain is accompanied by a thunderstorm, the collected rain water will have a pH value
                  \n(a) slightly lower than that of rain water without thunderstorm
                  \n(b) slightly higher than that when the thunderstorm is not there
                  \n(c) uninfluenced by occurrence of thunderstorm
                  \n(d) which depends upon the amount of dust in air
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) slightly lower than that of rain water without thunderstorm<\/p>\n

                  Question 24.
                  \nWater pollution is caused by
                  \n(a) pesticides
                  \n(b) SO2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) O2<\/sub>
                  \n(d) CO2<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) pesticides<\/p>\n

                  Question 25.
                  \nMinamata disease of Japan is due to pollution of
                  \n(a) Aresenic
                  \n(b) Lead
                  \n(c) Cynide
                  \n(d) Mercury
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Mercury<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 26.
                  \nWhich causes death of fish in water bodies polluted by sewage?
                  \n(a) Foul smell
                  \n(b) Pathogens
                  \n(c) Herbicides
                  \n(d) Decrease in D.O.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Decrease in D.O.<\/p>\n

                  Question 27.
                  \nSewage water is purified by
                  \n(a) aquatic plants
                  \n(b) microorganisms
                  \n(c) light
                  \n(d) fishes
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) microorganisms<\/p>\n

                  Question 28.
                  \nWhich pollutant is harmful for \u2018Tajmahal\u2019?
                  \n(a) Hydrogen
                  \n(b) O2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) SO2<\/sub>
                  \n(d) Chlorine
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) SO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 29.
                  \nNegative soil pollution is
                  \n(a) reduction in soil productivity due to erosion and overuse
                  \n(b) reduction in soil productivity due to the addition of pesticides and industrial wastes
                  \n(c) converting fertile land into barren land by dumping ash, sludge, and garbage
                  \n(d) None of the above
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) reduction in soil productivity due to erosion and overuse<\/p>\n

                  Question 30.
                  \nThe quantity of DDT in the food chain
                  \n(a) decreases
                  \n(b) remains same
                  \n(c) increases
                  \n(d) changes
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) increases<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 31.
                  \nWhich is known as “Third poison of environment” and also creates \u2018Blue baby syndrome\u2019
                  \n(a) Nitrate present in water
                  \n(b) Phosphate and detergents found in water
                  \n(c) Cyanide
                  \n(d) Pesticides
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Phosphate and detergents found in water<\/p>\n

                  Question 32.
                  \nIs the substance having the largest concentration in acid rain?
                  \n(a) H2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>
                  \n(b) HNO3<\/sub>
                  \n(c) HCl
                  \n(d) H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 33.
                  \nWater is often treated with chlorine to
                  \n(a) remove hardness
                  \n(b) increase oxygen content
                  \n(c) kill germs
                  \n(d) remove suspended particles
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) kill germs<\/p>\n

                  Question 34.
                  \nThermal pollution affects mainly
                  \n(a) vegetation
                  \n(b) aquatic creature
                  \n(c) rocks
                  \n(d) air
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) aquatic creature<\/p>\n

                  Question 35.
                  \nB.O.D test or biochemical oxygen demand test is made for measuring
                  \n(a) air pollution
                  \n(b) water pollution
                  \n(c) noise pollution
                  \n(d) soil pollution
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) water pollution<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 36.
                  \nBrewery and sugar factory water alters the quality of a water body by increasing
                  \n(a) temperature
                  \n(b) turbidity
                  \n(C) pH
                  \n(d) COD and BOD
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) COD and BOD<\/p>\n

                  Question 37.
                  \nA dental disease characterized by mottling of teeth is due to the presence of a certain chemical element in drinking water. Which is that element?
                  \n(a) Boron
                  \n(b) Chlorine
                  \n(c) Fluorine
                  \n(d) Mercury
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Fluorine<\/p>\n

                  Question 38.
                  \nThe high amount of E.coli in water is an indicator of
                  \n(a) hardness of water
                  \n(b) industrial pollution
                  \n(c) sewage pollution
                  \n(d) presence of chlorine in the water
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) sewage pollution<\/p>\n

                  Question 39.
                  \nA lake with an inflow of domestic sewage rich in organic waste may result in
                  \n(a) drying of the lake very soon due to algal bloom
                  \n(b) an increased production of fish due to a lot of nutrients
                  \n(c) death of fish due to lack of oxygen
                  \n(d) increased population of aquatic food web organisms
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) death of fish due to lack of oxygen<\/p>\n

                  Question 40.
                  \nIn which one of the following the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of sewage(S), distillery effluent (DE), paper mill effluent (PE) and sugar mill effluent (SE) have been arranged in ascending order
                  \n(a) SE < S < PE < DE
                  \n(b) SE < PE < S < DE
                  \n(c) PE < S < SE < DE
                  \n(d) S < DE < PE < SE
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) PE < S < SE < DE<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 41.
                  \nThe greenhouse effect is because of the
                  \n(a) presence of gases, which in general are strong infrared absorbers, in the atmosphere
                  \n(b) presence of CO2<\/sub> only in the atmosphere
                  \n(c) presence of O3<\/sub> and CH4<\/sub> in the atmosphere
                  \n(d) N2<\/sub>O and chlorofluoro hydrocarbons in the atmosphere
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) presence of gases, which in general are strong infrared absorbers, in the atmosphere<\/p>\n

                  Question 42.
                  \nWhich of the following is\/are the hazardous pollutant(s) present in automobile exhaust gases?
                  \n(a) N2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) CO
                  \n(c) CH4<\/sub>
                  \n(d) Oxides of nitrogen
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) CH4<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 43.
                  \nGreen chemistry means such reactions which:
                  \n(a) produce colour during reactions
                  \n(b) reduce the use and production of hazardous chemicals
                  \n(c) are related to the depletion of ozone layer
                  \n(d) study the reactions in plants
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) reduce the use and production of hazardous chemicals<\/p>\n

                  Question 44.
                  \nWhich one of the following statement is not true?
                  \n(a) pH of drinking water should be between 5.5 – 9.5.
                  \n(b) Concentration of DO below 6 ppm is good for the growth of fish.
                  \n(c) Clean water would have a BOD value of less than 5 ppm.
                  \n(d) Oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon are the most widespread air pollutant.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Concentration of DO below 6 ppm is good for the growth of fish.<\/p>\n

                  Question 45.
                  \nWhich one of the following statements regarding photochemical smog is not correct?
                  \n(a) Carbon monoxide does not play any role in photochemical smog formation.
                  \n(b) photochemical smog is an oxidizing agent in character.
                  \n(c) photochemical smog is formed through a photochemical reaction involving solar energy.
                  \n(d) Photochemical smog does not cause irritation in eyes and throat.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Photochemical smog does not cause irritation in eyes and throat.<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 46.
                  \nFrequent occurrence of water blooms in a lake indicates
                  \n(a) nutrient deficiency
                  \n(b) oxygen deficiency
                  \n(c) excessive nutrient availability
                  \n(d) absence of herbivores in the lake
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) oxygen deficiency<\/p>\n

                  Question 47.
                  \nThe smog is essentially caused by the presence of
                  \n(a) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
                  \n(b) O2<\/sub> and N2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) O2<\/sub> and O3<\/sub>
                  \n(d) O2<\/sub> and N2<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen<\/p>\n

                  Question 48.
                  \nIdentify the wrong statement in the following.
                  \n(a) Chlorofluorocarbons are responsible for ozone layer depletion.
                  \n(b) Greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming.
                  \n(c) Ozone layer does not permit infrared radiation from the sun to reach the earth.
                  \n(d) Acid rain is mostly because of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Ozone layer does not permit infrared radiation from the sun to reach the earth.<\/p>\n

                  Question 49.
                  \nIdentify the incorrect statement from the following.
                  \n(a) Ozone absorbs the intense ultraviolet radiation of the sun.
                  \n(b) Depletion of ozone layer is because of its chemical reactions with chlorofluoro alkanes.
                  \n(c) Ozone absorbs infrared radiation.
                  \n(d) Oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere can cause the depletion of ozone layer.
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Ozone absorbs infrared radiation<\/p>\n

                  Question 50.
                  \nWhat is DDT among the following?
                  \n(a) Greenhouse gas
                  \n(b) A fertilizer
                  \n(c) Biodegradable pollutant
                  \n(d) Non – biodegradable pollutant
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Non – biodegradable pollutant<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 51.
                  \nThe gas leaked from a storage tank of the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal gas tragedy was:
                  \n(a) Methyl isocyanate
                  \n(b) Methylamine
                  \n(c) Ammonia
                  \n(d) Phosgene
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) Methyl isocyanate<\/p>\n

                  Question 52.
                  \nBlack – foot disease is caused due to groundwater contaminated with an excess of
                  \n(a) Nitrate
                  \n(b) Fluoride
                  \n(c) Arsenic
                  \n(d) Sulphur
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Arsenic<\/p>\n

                  Question 53.
                  \nExposure of an organism to UV system causes
                  \n(a) photodynamic action
                  \n(b) formation of thymidine
                  \n(c) splitting of H – bonds of DNA
                  \n(d) splitting of phosphodiester bonds
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) splitting of H – bonds of DNA<\/p>\n

                  Question 54.
                  \nUnder column – I, a list of gases that are known to have a greenhouse effect is given. Relate them to their main source selecting from the given under Column – II:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  Column – I<\/td>\nColumn – II<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  A. Nitrous oxide<\/td>\n1. Secondary pollutant from car exhausts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  B. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)<\/td>\n2. Combustion of fossil fuels, wood, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  C. Methane<\/td>\n3. Denitrification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  D. Ozone (O3<\/sub>)<\/td>\n4. refrigerators, aerosol, sprays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  E. Carbon dioxide<\/td>\n5. Cattle, rice fields, toilets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  (a) A – 3, B – 4, C – 5, D – 1, E – 2
                  \n(b) A – 5, B – 1, C – 3, D – 4, E – 2
                  \n(c) A – 4, B – 5 , C – 1, D – 2, E – 3
                  \n(d) A – 1, B – 3, C – 4, D – 5, E – 2
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) A – 3, B – 4, C – 5, D – 1, E – 2<\/p>\n

                  Question 55.
                  \nMinamata disease is a pollution-related disease results form
                  \n(a) oil spills into the sea
                  \n(b) accumulation of arsenic into the atmosphere
                  \n(c) release of industrial waste mercury into bodies of water
                  \n(d) release human organic waste into drinking water
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) release of industrial waste mercury into bodies of water<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 56.
                  \nAir pollution causing photochemical oxidants production include
                  \n(a) Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide
                  \n(b) Nitrous oxide, nitric acid fumes, nitric oxide
                  \n(c) Ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, aldehydes
                  \n(d) Oxygen, chlorine, fuming nitric acid
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, aldehydes<\/p>\n

                  Question 57.
                  \nPhotochemical smog formed in congested metropolitan cities mainly consists of
                  \n(a) ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and NOx<\/sub>
                  \n(b) smoke, peroxyacetyl nitrate and SO2<\/sub>
                  \n(c) hydrocarbons, SO2<\/sub> and CO2<\/sub>
                  \n(d) hydrocarbons, ozone, and SOx<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and NOx<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 58.
                  \nWhich, one of the following statements is correct?
                  \n(a) Extensive use of chemical fertilizers may lead to eutrophication of nearby water bodies
                  \n(b) Both Azotobacter and Rhizobium fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of plants
                  \n(c) Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena and Nostoc are important mobilizers of phosphates and potassium for plant nutrition in the soil
                  \n(d) At present it is not possible to grow maize without chemical fertilizers
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) Extensive use of chemical fertilizers may lead to eutrophication of nearby water bodies<\/p>\n

                  Question 59.
                  \nReducing the use of non-biodegradable things will contribute of
                  \n(a) Increase in O2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) Cyanophycean blooms occur
                  \n(c) Depletion of O2<\/sub> layers
                  \n(d) Eutrophication
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) Increase in O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                  Question 60.
                  \nWhich of the following metal is a water pollutant and causes sterility in human. being?
                  \n(a) As
                  \n(b) Mn
                  \n(c) Mg
                  \n(d) Hg
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Mn<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 61.
                  \nLichens do not like to grow in cities
                  \n(a) because of absence of the right type of algae and fungi
                  \n(b) because of lack of moisture
                  \n(c) because of SO2<\/sub> pollution
                  \n(d) because natural habitat is missing
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) because of SO2<\/sub> pollution<\/p>\n

                  Question 62.
                  \nLimit of BOD prescribed by Central pollution Control Board for the discharge of industrial and municipal wastewaters into natural surface waters is
                  \n(a) < 100 ppm
                  \n(b) < 30 ppm
                  \n(c) < 3.0 ppm
                  \n(d) < 10 ppm
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) < 30 ppm<\/p>\n

                  Question 63.
                  \nWhich one of the following pairs is mismatched
                  \n(a) Fossil fuel burning – release of CO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) Nuclear power – radioactive wastes
                  \n(c) Solar energy – The greenhouse effect
                  \n(d) Biomass burning – release of CO2<\/sub>
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Solar energy – The greenhouse effect<\/p>\n

                  Question 64.
                  \nIn a coal-fired power plant, electrostatic precipitators are installed to control the emission of
                  \n(a) SO2<\/sub>
                  \n(b) NOx<\/sub>
                  \n(c) SPM
                  \n(d) CO
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) SPM<\/p>\n

                  Question 65.
                  \nThe term \u201cBiomagnification\u201d refers to the
                  \n(a) growth of organism due to food consumption
                  \n(b) increase in population size
                  \n(c) blowing up of environmental issues by man
                  \n(d) increase in the concentration of non-degradable pollutants as they pass through the food chain
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) increase in the concentration of non-degradable pollutants as they pass through the food chain<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 66.
                  \nIn almost all Indian metropolitan cities like Delhi, the major atmospheric pollutant(s) is\/are
                  \n(a) suspended particulate matter (SPM)
                  \n(b) oxides of sulphur
                  \n(c) carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
                  \n(d) oxides of nitrogen
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) suspended particulate matter (SPM)<\/p>\n

                  Question 67.
                  \nIn coming years, skin-related disorders will be more common due to
                  \n(a) pollutants in air
                  \n(b) use of detergents
                  \n(c) water pollution
                  \n(d) depletion of ozone layer
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) depletion of ozone layer<\/p>\n

                  Question 68.
                  \nStatement 1:
                  \nInhabitants close to very busy airports are likely to experience health hazards.
                  \nStatement 2:
                  \nSound level of jet aeroplanes usually exceeds 160 dB.
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.<\/p>\n

                  Question 69.
                  \nStatement 1:
                  \nSuspended particulate matter (SPM) is an important pollutant released by diesel vehicles.
                  \nStatement 2:
                  \nCatalytic converters greatly reduce pollution caused by automobiles.
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1<\/p>\n

                  Question 70.
                  \nStatement 1:
                  \nEutrophication shows increase in productivity in water.
                  \nStatement 2:
                  \nWith increasing eutrophication, the diversity of the phytoplankton increases.
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  Question 71.
                  \nStatement 1:
                  \nThe main cause of the Bhopal gas tragedy was phosgene.
                  \nStatement 2:
                  \nPhosgene is a volatile liquid.
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True<\/p>\n

                  Question 72.
                  \nStatement 1:
                  \nCO2<\/sub> causes the greenhouse effect.
                  \n<\/sub>Statement 2:
                  \nOther gases do not show such an effect.
                  \n(a) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1
                  \n(b) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True, Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for statement – 1
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False
                  \n(d) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True
                  \nAnswer:
                  \n(c) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False<\/p>\n

                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                  II. Very short question and answers (2 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Question 1.
                  \nWhat is called environmental pollution?
                  \nAnswer:
                  \nAny undesirable change in our environment that have harmful effects on plants. animals and human beings is called environmental pollution.<\/p>\n

                  Question 2.
                  \nWhat are pollutants?
                  \nAnswer:
                  \nThe substances which cause pollution of the environment are called pollutants.<\/p>\n

                  Question 3.
                  \nWrite the different types of atmospheric pollution.
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere and il extends from 0 10 km from the earth surface.<\/li>\n
                  2. About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is in this layer. 3 layers are present in it. They are\n
                      \n
                    • Hydrosphere<\/li>\n
                    • Lithosphere<\/li>\n
                    • Biosphere<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Question 4.
                      \nWhat is Air pollution?
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nAny undesirable change in the air which adversely affects living organisms is called air pollution. Air pollution is limited to the troposphere and stratosphere. Air pollution is mainly due to the excessive discharge of undesirable foreign matter into the atmospheric air.<\/p>\n

                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                      Question 5.
                      \nWhat are the techniques adopted to reduce particulate pollutants?
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nThe particulates from the air can be removed by using electrostatic precipitators, gravity settling chambers, and wet scrubbers or by cyclone collectors. These techniques are based on washing away or settling of the particulates.<\/p>\n

                      Question 6.
                      \nDefine soil pollution.
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nSoil pollution is defined as the buildup of persistent toxic compounds, radioactive materials, chemical salts, and disease-causing agents in soils which have harmful effects on plant growth and animal health.<\/p>\n

                      Question 7.
                      \nWrite the effects that were caused by classical smog.
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Smog is primarily responsible for acid rain.<\/li>\n
                      2. The smog results in poor visibility and it affects air and road transport.<\/li>\n
                      3. It also causes bronchial irritation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        III. Short question and answers (3 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

                        Question 1.
                        \nHow the oxides of nitrogen pollute the atmospheric air?
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nOxides of nitrogen are produced during high temperature combustion processes, oxidation of nitrogen in air and from the combustion of fuels (coal, diesel, petrol etc.).
                        \nN2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> \"Samacheer 2NO
                        \n2NO + O2<\/sub> \"Samacheer 2NO2<\/sub>
                        \nNO + O3<\/sub> \u2192 NO2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                        The oxides of nitrogen are converted into nitric acid which comes, down in the form of acid rain. They also form a reddish-brown haze in heavy traffic. Nitrogen dioxide potentially damages plant leaves and retards photosynthesis. NO2<\/sub> is a respiratory irritant and it can cause asthma and lung injury. Nitrogen dioxide is also harmful to various textile fibres and metals.<\/p>\n

                        Question 2.
                        \nHow the hydrocarbon compounds make harmful effects on living things?
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nThe compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons. They are mainly produced naturally (marsh gas) and also by incomplete combustion of automobile fuel.<\/p>\n

                        They are potential cancer-causing (carcinogenic) agents. For example, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are carcinogenic, they cause irritation in eyes and mucous membranes.<\/p>\n

                        Question 3.
                        \nExplain the environmental impact of ozone depletion.
                        \nAnswer:
                        \nThe formation and destruction of ozone is a regular natural process, which never disturbs the equilibrium level of ozone in the stratosphere. Any change in the equilibrium level of the ozone in the atmosphere will adversely affect life in the biosphere in the following ways.<\/p>\n

                        Depletion of ozone layer will allow more UV rays to reach the earth surface and layer would cause skin cancer and also decrease the immunity level in human beings. UV radiation affects plant proteins which leads to harmful mutation of cells. UV radiation affects the growth of phytoplankton, as a result ocean food chain is disturbed and even damages the fish productivity.<\/p>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 4.
                        \nWrite the causes of water pollution.
                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • The compounds composed of carbon and Hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons. They are mainly produced naturally and also by incomplete combustion of automobile fuels.<\/li>\n
                        • They are potential cancer-causing (carcinogenic) agents.<\/li>\n
                        • For example, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are carcinogenic, they cause irritation in eyes and mucous membranes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Question 5.
                          \n(a) Define eutrophication and pneumoconiosis.
                          \n(b) Write differences between photochemical smog and classical smog.
                          \nAnswer:
                          \n(a) Eutrophication:
                          \nWhen the growth of algae increases in the surface of the water, dissolved oxygen in water is greatly reduced. This phenomenon is known as eutrophication. Due to this growth of fishes gets inhibited.<\/p>\n

                          (b) Pueumoconiosis:
                          \nIt is a disease that irritates the lungs. It causes scarring or fibrosis of the lungs.<\/p>\n

                          Photochemical smog:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • It is formed as a result of the photochemical decomposition of nitrogen dioxide and chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons.<\/li>\n
                          • It takes place during the dry warm season in presence of sunlight.<\/li>\n
                          • It is oxidizing in nature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Classical smog:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • It’s formed due to the condensation of SO2<\/sub> vapours on particles of carbon in cold climates.<\/li>\n
                            • it is generally formed during winter when there is severe cold.<\/li>\n
                            • It is reducing in nature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              Question 6.
                              \nWrite the harmful effects caused by chemical water pollutants.
                              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Cadmium and mercury can cause kidney damage.<\/li>\n
                              2. Lead poisoning can lead to severe damage of kidneys, liver, brain, etc. it also affects the central nervous system<\/li>\n
                              3. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cause skin diseases and are carcinogenic in nature.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                Question 7.
                                \nDistinguish between BOD and COD.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                BOD<\/td>\nCOD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                1. BOD is the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic matter present in the water.<\/td>\nCOD is the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using some oxidizing agent like K2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>07<\/sub> and KMn04<\/sub>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                2. It is an important indication of the amount of organic matter present in the river water.<\/td>\nIt is carried out to determine the pollution strength of river water.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                3. Since complete oxidation occurs in an indefinite period, the reaction period is taken as 5 days at 20\u00b0C.<\/td>\nIt is a rapid process and takes only 8 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                IV. Long question and answer (5 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

                                Question 1.
                                \nExplain the different layers of the earth\u2019s atmosphere.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nTroposphere:
                                \nThe lowest layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere and it extends from o – 10 km from the earth’s surface. About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is in this layer. This troposphere is further divided as follows.<\/p>\n

                                i) Hydrosphere:
                                \nThe hydrosphere includes all types of water sources like oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, streams, underground water, polar icecaps, clouds etc. It covers about 75% of the earth\u2019s surface. Hence the earth is called a blue planet.<\/p>\n

                                ii) Lithosphere:
                                \nThe lithosphere includes soil, rocks and mountains which are solid components of earth.<\/p>\n

                                iii) Biosphere:
                                \nIt includes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere integrating the living organism present in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.<\/p>\n

                                Question 2.
                                \nHow the oxides of sulphur pollute the atmospheric air?
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nSulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide are produced by burning sulfur-containing fossil fuels arid roasting sulphide ores. Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous gas to both animals and plants. Sulphur dioxide causes eye irritation, coughing and respiratory asthma, bronchitis, etc.<\/p>\n

                                Sulphur dioxide is oxidised into more harmful sulphur trioxide in the presence of particulate matter present in polluted air.
                                \n2SO2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> \"Samacheer 2SO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                SO3<\/sub> combines with atmospheric water vapour to form H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>, which comes down in the form of acid rain.
                                \nSO3<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O \u2192 H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                Question 3.
                                \nExplain the health effects of particulate pollutants for human health.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Dust, mist, fumes,etc., are air-borne particles which are dangerous for human health. Particulate pollutants bigger than 5 microns are likely to settle in the nasal passage whereas particles of about 10 micron enters the lungs easily and causes scarring or fibrosis of lung lining.<\/li>\n
                                2. They irritate the lungs and causes cancer and a,sthma. This disease is also called pneumoconiosis. Coal miners may suffer from black lung disease. Textile workers may suffer from white lung disease.<\/li>\n
                                3. Lead particulates affect children\u2019s brain, interferes maturation of RBCs and even cause cancer.<\/li>\n
                                4. Particulates in the atmosphere reduce visibility by scattering and absorption of sunlight. It is dangerous for aircraft and motor vehicles<\/li>\n
                                5. Particulates provide nuclei for cloud formation and increase fog and rain.<\/li>\n
                                6. Particulates deposit on plant leaves and hinder the intake of CO2<\/sub> from the air and affect photosynthesis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                  Question 4.
                                  \nExplain the effects of photochemical smog and its control.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nThe three main components of photochemical smog are nitrogen oxide, ozone and oxidised hydrocarbon like formaldehyde(HCHO), Acrolein (CH2<\/sub> = CH – CHO), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Photochemical smog causes irritation to eyes, skin and lungs, increase in chances of asthma.<\/p>\n

                                  High concentrations of ozone and NO can cause nose and throat irritation, chest pain, uncomfortable in breathing, etc. PAN is toxic to plants, attacks younger leaves and cause bronzing and glazing of their surfaces. It causes corrosion of metals stones, building materials and painted surfaces.<\/p>\n

                                  Control of Photochemical smog:
                                  \nThe formation of photochemical smog can be suppressed by preventing the release of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere from motor vehicles by using catalytic convertors in engines. Plantation of certain trees like Pinus, Pyrus, Quercus Vitus, and Juniperus can metabolise nitrogen oxide.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 5.
                                  \nList out the major water pollutants and their sources.
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Pollutant<\/td>\nSources<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  1.Microorganisms<\/td>\nDomestic sewage, domestic wastewater, dung heap.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  2. Organic wastes<\/td>\nDomestic sewage, animal excreta, food processing factory waste, detergents, and decayed animals and plants.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  3. Plant nutrients<\/td>\nChemical fertilizers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  4. Heavy metals<\/td>\nHeavy metal producing factories.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  5. Sediments<\/td>\nSoil erosion by agriculture and strip-mining.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  6. Pesticides<\/td>\nChemicals used for killing insects, fungi, and weeds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  7. Radioactive<\/td>\nMining of uranium-containing minerals substances.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  8. Heat<\/td>\nWater used for cooling in industries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  Question 6.
                                  \nDescribe the causes of water pollution.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nCauses of water pollution –
                                  \n1. Microbiological pollutants:
                                  \n(a) Disease causing microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa are most senous water pollutants. They come from domestic sewage and animal excreta.
                                  \n(b) Fish and shellfish can become contaminated from them and people who eat them will also become ill.
                                  \n(c) Dysentery and cholera are water borne diseases.
                                  \n(d) Human excrcta contain bacteria such as Escherichia coll and Streptococcus farcical- -is which causes gastrointestinal diseases.<\/p>\n

                                  2. Organic wastes:
                                  \nOrganic matter such as leaves, grass, trash can also pollute water. Water pollution is cause by excessive phytoplankton growth within water.<\/p>\n

                                  3. Chemical wastes:
                                  \nA whole variety of chemicals from industries such as metals and solvents are poisonous to fish and other aquatic life. Detergents and oils float spoils the water bodies. Acids from mine drainage and salts form various sources can also contaminate water sources.<\/p>\n

                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                  Question 7.
                                  \nExplain the various contribution of green chemistry in our day-to-day life.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \n(1) Dry cleaning of clothes:
                                  \nSolvents like tetrachloroethylene used in dry cleaning of clothes, pollute the groundwater and are carcinogenic. In the place of tetrachloroethylene, liquefied CO2<\/sub> with suitable detergent is an Alternate solvent used. Liquified CO2<\/sub> is not harmful to the groundwater. Now a days H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> used for bleaching clothes in laundry gives better results and utilizes less water.<\/p>\n

                                  (2) Bleaching of paper:
                                  \nThe conventional method of bleaching was done with chlorine. Nowadays H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> can be used for bleaching paper in presence of a catalyst.<\/p>\n

                                  (3) Synthesis of chemicals:
                                  \nAcetaldehyde is now commercially prepared by one-step oxidation of ethene in the presence of anionic catalyst in an aqueous medium with a 90% yield.<\/p>\n

                                  CH2<\/sub> = CH2<\/sub> + O \"Samacheer CH3<\/sub>CHO
                                  \nEthylene Acetaldehyde<\/p>\n

                                  (4) Instead of petrol, methanol is used as a fuel in automobiles:
                                  \nMethanol is considered to be less expensive than other commercial fuel and gasoline. During the process of combustion, it provides a higher thermal efficiency and power output because of its high octane rating and high heat vaporization.<\/p>\n

                                  (5) Neem based pesticides have been synthesised, which are safer than the chlorinated hydrocarbons:
                                  \nEvery individual has an important role in preventing pollution and improving our environment. We Eire responsible for environmental protection. Let us begin to save our environment and provide clean earth for our future generations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide Pdf Chapter 15 Environmental Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes. Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 15 Environmental Chemistry 11th Chemistry Guide Environmental Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers Textbook Evaluation: I. Choose the best answer: Question 1. The gaseous envelope …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-class-11"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37589"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37589"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37589\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41758,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37589\/revisions\/41758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37589"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheerkalvi.guide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}