Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea

12th English Guide A Nice Cup of Tea Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in one or two sentences:
(Note: IQ → Important Questions)

Question a.
What seems ‘Curious’ to the author? (IQ)
Answer:
The absence of “Tea” in the recipes of the cookery book is curious to the author.

Question b.
Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books?
Answer:
The author says that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books as it is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.

Question c.
Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization? (IQ)
Answer:
It is one of the mainstays of civilization in the UK, Australia, Eire, and New Zealand.

Question d.
Which tea does the author prefer – China tea or Indian tea?
Answer:
The author prefers Indian tea.

Question e.
According to the author, What does the phrase “a nice cup of tea” refer to?
Answer:
Nice cup of tea means Indian tea which makes one feel wiser, optimistic and wiser.

Question f.
What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?
Answer:
The second golden rule is that tea should be made in small quantities in a teapot which is made up of China or earthenware.

Question g.
How does army tea taste? (IQ)
Answer:
Army tea tastes of grease and whitewash.

Question h.
Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Answer:
Tea lovers generally like strong tea.

Question i.
Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Answer:
Tea should be added directly to the pot because imprisoning tea leaves in strainers, muslin bags or other devices can be really harmful.

Question j.
Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
Answer:
The author prefers a cylindrical cup as it holds more and the hotness is well maintained.

Question k.
What should be poured into the cup first tea or milk? (IQ)
Answer:
One should pour tea first into the cup and then add milk to the desired level. Thus one can regulate the amount of milk added to tea.

Question l.
Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?
Answer:
The author advises removing cream from the milk as it gives the tea a sickly taste.

Question m.
Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.
Answer:
Adding sugar to tea will deprive tea of its real taste. Misguided people who take tea do it because of the sweetness and not because of the taste of tea.

Question n.
Why does the author refer to himself as being in a ‘minority’?
Answer:
The author refers to himself as being in a ‘minority’ with his view of drinking tea without sugar.

Question o.
Whom does the author call “misguided people”? What is his advice to them?
Answer:
Some misguided people admit that they drink tea for stimulation and warmth. They are not interested in tea. So, they add sugar to take the taste away. He advises them to drink tea without adding sugar for a fortnight. They would never again ruin the real taste of tea by adding sugar.

2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in four or five sentences:
(Text Book Page No. 38)

Question a.
What are the author’s views on China tea?
Answer:
China tea has virtues which are not to be despised, it is economic. One can drink it without milk, but there is not much stimulation in it. One does not feel wiser, braver or more optimistic after drinking it.

Question b.
How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea? (IQ)
Answer:
Adding sugar affects the taste of tea to a greater extend. If the tea is sweetened it means one is merely tasting the sugar and not the tea. It is just similar to that of dissolving sugar in plain hot water.

Question c.
Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.
Answer:
The teapot should be made of China or earthen ware. Silver or Britannia ware teapot produce inferior quality tea. Enamel pots are worse. Though curiously enough a pewter teapot, a rarity nowadays, is not so bad.

3. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100-150 words: (Text Book Page No. 38)

a. Summarise George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A nice cup of tea”.
b. Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

While saying about the preparation of tea in a strong manner, the author brings in his personal view that one strong cup of tea is better than twenty weak ones. The same is the case when he speaks about pouring the tea into the cup first. His view in this regard is by adding milk after pouring the tea, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk. Adding of sugar to tea is strongly objected by him.

By doing so one is just tasting the sugar and not the tea. Orwell’s advice for those people to drink tea without sugar at least a fortnight, So that they will never ruin the tea by sweetening it. Thus it is made clear that the essay reveals not only the factual points but also author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

Paragraph:

Note: Qns. No. 3 a & b:

Introduction:
George Orwell brings forth eleven golden rules in the preparation of tea. According to him “A nice cup of tea” always means an Indian tea.

A nice cup of tea:
He compares Indian tea with China tea and feels that China tea does not have much stimulation in it. He is of the opinion that tea should be made in China or earthenware. The third step is that the pot should be warmed by placing it on the hob. Fourthly the tea should be strong. Six heaped teaspoons of tea are needed for making a tea strong which may hinder the rationing in a family.

Tea making:
The fifth golden rule is that one should not use any strainers to imprison the tea. It should be poured. straight into the pot. In fact the tea brews properly only when it is loose. The next rule is the tea should be boiling at the moment of impact. Seventhly the tea should be stirred well.

The best way of drinking tea:
Eightly the better way to drink tea is by making use of cylindrical cups rather than flat, shallow type. Ninthly the cream in milk is to be taken off before using it for tea as it gives the tea a sickly taste. The tenth rule is that of pouring the tea into the cup first and then adding milk to it so that one can exactly regulate the amount of milk. The last rule is the proper way to drink tea is to drink it without sugar. If sugar is added then it means that one is tasting the sugar not the tea.

4. Based on your understanding of the text, complete the chart given below by choosing the appropriate words or phrases given in brackets. (Text Book Page No. 38)

Golden Rules of Tea Preparation:
(add sugar, shaken, milk, infused properly, strainers, without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China or earthenware, stirred, warmed)

Question 1.
Tea should be made in ________ in a teapot.
Answer:
small quantities

Question 2.
The teapot should be made of________.
Answer:
China or earthenware

Question 3.
The pot should be __________ beforehand.
Answer:
warmed

Question 4.
The pot should not have ______.
Answer:
strainers

Question 5.
While pouring water the teapot should be ________
Answer:
infused properly

Question 6.
The tea leaves should be ______.
Answer:
stirred

Question 7.
After making tea, it should be ________ or the pot should be ________.
Answer:
shaken, taken to the kettle

Question 8.
The milk for the tea should be ______.
Answer:
without cream

Question 9.
The author does not like to _________ to tea.
Answer:
add sugar

Vocabulary:

a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences:

Question 1.
But because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent disputes.
a) agreements
b) applauses
c) conflicts
d) discussions
Answer:
c) conflicts

Question 2.
______ tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.
a) a society in an advanced state of social development
b) a society that has slow progress
c) a society that has no progress
d) a society in an average state of social development
Answer:
d) a society in an average state of social development

Question 3.
______ that they only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated.
a) motivated
b) discouraged
c) passive
d) admired
Answer:
a) motivated

Question 4.
_________ under the spout to catch the stray leaves.
a) fresh
b) loose
c) gathered
d) harmful
Answer:
b) loose

Question 5.
One is ______ to put in too much milk.
a) likely
b) certain
c) eager
d) responsible
Answer:
a) likely

b) Find out the antonym of the underlined word ¡n each of the following sentences:

Question 1.
________ which are not to be despised.
a) hated
b) liked
c) respected
d) defeated
Answer:
b) liked

Question 2.
One does not feel wise, braver or more ________  optimistic.
a) opportunistic
b) cheerful
c) realistic
d) pessimistic
Answer:
d) pessimistic

Question 3.
Not the flat, shallow type _____.
a) narrow
b) wide
c) deep
d) direct
Answer:
c) deep

Question 4.
Predicting the arrival of visitors ______.
a) journey
b) departure
c) migration
d) perusal
Answer:
b) departure

Question 5.
_____ but they are sufficient to show how sub-utilized the whole business has become.
a) enough
b) suffocative
c) inadequate
d) submissive
Answer:
c) inadequate

c) Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. The first one has been done for you: (Text Book Page No. 39)

Answer:

Word with meaning and part of speech		Sentence	Noun/Verb/ Adj. form	Sentence
1. Word meaning parts of speech	wise clever adjective	My brother is wise.	wisdom	My brother showed great wisdom in business. ‘
2. word Meaning Parts of speech	harm physical injury noun	I don’t want him to get any harm	harmful	I am always harmful to my enemies.
3. word Meaning Parts of speech	stimulate arouse verb	My friend stimulate me to eat an ice cream	stimulative	My friend makes me to get interest in English because of his stimulative nature.
4. Word meaning parts of speech	argue proclaim Verb	You don’t argue with me	argument	It is really a good argument.
5. Word meaning parts of speech	strong powerful adjective	He is very strong	Strength	He has enough strength to do his job.
6. Word meaning parts of speech	destroy demolish verb	I destroyed my old house	destruction	The bomb blast causes many destructions.

Listening: (Text Book Page No. 40)

Listen to the passage about the ‘Significance of Tea’ and answer the questions:

Questions:

Question 1.
Which country is the largest tea producer in the world?
Answer:
China is the largest tea producer in my world.

Question 2.
______ percentage of the tea produced ¡n India is exported.
Answer:
30

Question 3.
What is the role of antioxidants in tea?
Answer:
Antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer.

Question 4.
Drinking tea strengthens one’s _____, _____ and _____.
Answer:
Teeth, bones, and immune system.

Question 5.
How does tea drinking help a diabetic?
Answer:
Regular tea drinking might lower blood sugar.

Reading (Non-Verbal Representations):

Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on your understanding and inference, Write a paragraph on career trends in the next decade: (Text Book Page No. 41)

Answer:
The chart shows the 10 fastest-growing occupations from 2018 to 2028. The most popular profession will be is the wind and solar energy fields. The technician course in the field will grow by 106%. Next, come personal care and home health aides. It has 85% growth. Physician Assistants and nurses stand third with 70% growth. Next comes software developers with 55% growth, so the highest is wind and solar energy technology and the lowest is a chef and food Analyst.

Task 1:
Now read the following article on the emerging career option in the modern era and answer the question that follows: (Text Book Page No. 42,43)

The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses to take up at the university level based on their aptitude, ability, and interests. While considering the higher education options, they should also plan the career path they wish to take. In today’s complex job scenario, there is a mismatch between demand and supply on one hand we have qualified professionals desperately trying to find a job, while on the other hand, there are many professions that need suitable talented employees. But such skilled employees are unavailable. Therefore, the need of the hour is that students have an understanding of the
emerging career options.

Schools should take the initiative to organise career guidance and counselling sessions for students. However, students need to remember that to build a strong career, they must understand the perspective field and their primary interest. It is also important for students to focus on overall personality development and hone their communication skills as these are important for the success of their career.

Students are also advised that in order to build a solid career foundation, they need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in the chosen area of interest and also consider post-graduate education. Diploma/Short—term courses may help one find a job in the short run but may not promise career progression. Rapid advancement in science and technology and globalization has widened the scope of career options in the twenty-first century.
Let us consider some popular careers.

Fashion Designing:
The current cosmopolitan and fashion-conscious wave that has taken over our country has opened up a huge
arena for careers in fashion. These careers encompass designing clothes, costumes, jewellery, footwear, wardrobe, costumes, accessories, and the like.

Culinary Arts:
With food and cookery shows being a major trend across the world, culinary arts, a sub-domain of the hospitality sector has now become the most sought after career.

Paramedical sciences:

In recent times, there has been a great demand in the health care industry. Paramedical professionals who support medical practitioners in areas such as optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry are much sought after.

Media, Journalism, and Advertising:

In this information era, print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. This arena has become a huge career playground because youngsters are attracted to it as the exposure and reach is greater through such mass media. We notice that radio and TV channels, internet companies, and advertising agencies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Hotel Management:

The hotel industry is the fastest growing industry in India. The number of international travellers (both for business and leisure) is increasing. The hospitality and service industry offers career options such as housekeeping, front-desk executives, tourism management, etc.

Sports Management:

With multinational companies supporting sports, careers in sports offer enormous scope. One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options such as technical trainers, commentators, sports journalists, dieticians, referees, etc. Conducting sports events successfully, organizing the event laudably, preparing the ground for the event are all part of sports management.

Question a.
When do students start thinking about their career path?
Answer:
The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses as their career path based on their ability, aptitude, and interests.

Question b.
How can students build a strong career?
Answer:
They build a strong career by understanding the prospective field and their primary interest.

Question c.
What are the integral aspects of a successful career?
Answer:
The integral aspects of a successful career are personality development and communication skills.

Question d.
What is meant by ‘culinary art’?
Answer:
Culinary art is the art of preparing and cooking food a subdomain of the hospitality sector.

Question e.
Why is media a popular career option?
Answer:
Media is a popular career option because many youngsters are attracted to it as exposure and reach is greater through mass media.

Question f.
Name some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage.
Answer:
Some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage are optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry.

Question g.
Why is the hotel industry seen as the fastest growing in India?
Answer:
The hotel industry is seen as the fastest-growing in India because the number of travellers on an international level is increasing.

Question h.
Does one have to be a player to opt for a career in the field of sports? Answer giving reasons.
Answer:
One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options.

Question i.
Pick one word from the passage which is the opposite of ‘modern’.
Answer:
‘Past’

Question j.
Which word in the passage means ‘composed of people from many parts of the country’?
Answer:
International travellers.

Grammar:

Prepositions:

Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the sentences using the prepositions given in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 45)
(over, under, on, between, among, into, with, since, in front of near / beside)

Question a.
The boy jumped _____ a narrow stream.
Answer:
into

Question b.
Afsar will meet me _____ Friday morning.
Answer:
on

Question c.
The temple is _____ the bank.
Answer:
near

Question d.
My friend _____ his brother will meet me tomorrow.
Answer:
with

Question e.
There is usually a garden _____ a bungalow.
Answer:
in front of

Question f.
Yuvan has been studying well _____ childhood.
Answer:
since

Question g.
A trekker climbed _____ a mountain meticulously.
Answer:
on

Question h.
There was a skirmish _____ my brother and sister.
Answer:
between

Question i.
The laudable thoughts were apparent _____ many scholars in a conference.
Answer:
among

Question j.
It is easy to work _____ the aegis of a visionary leader.
Answer:
under

Task 2:
Complete the following passages using the prepositions given in brackets:
(among, for, at, to, in)

Question i.
When Lakshmi was (1) _____ school, she practiced music from Monday (2) _____ Friday. She involved herself (3) _____ the school orchestra. She was responsible for (4) _____ conducting many programmes. She was very popular (5) _____ her schoolmates, as she was kind, friendly, and helpful.

Answer:

1. at
2. to
3. in
4. for
5. among

(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)

Question ii.
(1) _____ the interview, Solomon was confident (2) _____ getting the job. He knew that he was qualified (3) _____ the
job. He was interested (4) _____ discharging his duty perfectly. The interview panel was impressed (5) _____ his attitude and skills. So (6) _____ the interview, he was (7) _____ cloud nine.

Answer:

1. before
2. of
3. for
4. in
5. with
6. after
7. on

Prepositional Phrases:
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun phrase.

Task 1:
Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two examples have been done for you: (Text Book Page No. 45) 

1. With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am applying for the post of salesman.
2. The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.
3. Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
4. We feel sorry for our mistakes.
5. The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.
6. Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.
7. We are proud of our children.
8. My brother will return home in the evening.

Task 2:

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 46)
(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole, on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)

Question a.
_____ Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.
Answer:
Instead of

Question b.
Many tourists visited Ooty _____ heavy rains.
Answer:
in spite of

Question c.
Expressing gratitude _____ others is common in a vote of thanks.
Answer:
on behalf of

Question d.
_____, I had a happy childhood.
Answer:
On the whole

Question e.
Our teacher always acts _____ her students.
Answer:
in favour of

Question f.
_____ his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.
Answer:
On account of

Question g.
_____ Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
Answer:
According to

Question h.
_____ rain, take an umbrella.
Answer:
In the case of

Conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions:

Subordinating Conjunctions:

Connectives or Linkers:

Task 1:
Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and complete the sentences:

Question a.
I could not complete my paper in the examination __________ (because, but) I was slow in answering the questions.
Answer:
because

Question b.
It started raining, _________ (yet, so) we could not play.
Answer:
so

Question c.
___________ (As, If) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.
Answer:
As

Question d.
______ (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he apologised ___________ (and/since) promised that he would not repeat it.
Answer:
Though, and

Question e.
This is __________ (how/what) it must be done.
Answer:
how

Question f.
The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the platform, ______ (therefore/until) he got in.
Answer:
therefore

Question g.
I was not well, ___________ (but/so) I did not attend the class.
Answer:
so

Question h.
______ (If, Although) she can drive, she travels by bus.
Answer:
Although

Question i.
______ (If/Unless) you register your name, you cannot participate in the competitions.
Answer:
Unless

Question j.
________ (As soon as/beside) my father arrived home, I narrated the incident.
Answer:
As soon as

Question k.
Be quick to hear _________ (then /and) slow to speak.
Answer:
and

Question l.
I am ___________ (neither/either) an ascetic in theory ________ nor/or) in practice.
Answer:
neither, nor

Question m.
We fail to harness the rainwater, ________ (consequently, nevertheless) we suffer.
Answer:
consequently

Question n.
My brother will certainly clear GRE; ______ (yet/for) he works very hard.
Answer:
for

Task 2:
Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the words given in the brackets: (Text Book Page No. 48)

Question a.
The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well, (because)
Answer:
The fox could not get out of the well because the well was deep.

Question b.
The work was over. We went home, (when)
Answer:
When the work was over, we went home.

Question c.
A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for reading, (where)
Answer:
A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept there for the reading.

Question d.
The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police station, (as soon as)
Answer:
As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the police station.

Question e.
The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the owner of the grove came in. (while)
Answer:
The owner of the grove came in while the boys were stealing mangoes from a grove.

Question f.
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to kidney problems, (and)
Answer:
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and lead to kidney problems.

Question g.
Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted, (as well as)
Answer:
Adit as well as Ranjan has been promoted.

Question h.
Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)
Answer:
After Caesar was declared emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task 3:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions: (Text Book Page No. 48)

Question a.
She is ________ an understanding person _____ everybody likes to be with her.
Answer:
such, that

Question b.
Suraj owns ________ a typewriter _______ a computer.
Answer:
both, and

Question c.
Vani is _______ a good singer _____ a good dancer.
Answer:
not only, but also

Question d.
Amit did not know _______ his father met his class teacher _________ not.
Answer:
whether, or

Question e.
I would _______ starve _______ beg.
Answer:
rather, than.

Writing:

Article Writing: (Text Book Page No. 49)
Task 1:

Write an article of 150 words for your school magazine to create an awareness of the dangers posed by the indiscriminate use of plastics, Expand the ideas given below as notes: (P No. 50)

The Government of Tamil Nadu has imposed a ban on the use of plastic. Effective implementation of this ban depends on public awareness and individual responsibility.

Notes:
a. Introduction

• Plastic – synthetic material – doesn’t decompose in the soil
• inevitable role of plastic – man’s day-to-day life

b. Human Health Hazard:

• Leeching of plastic into food – microplastic entering the food chain
• Human body’s inability to deal with this unnatural substance
• The reaction of microplastic in the human body and ill- effects

c. Adverse effects on plants and animals:

• Plastic particles choking waterways – affect aquatic animals
• Ingestion by aquatic and terrestrial animals – blocking of intestines and respiratory passages

d. Environmental Degradation:

• Manufacturing process & burning of plastics – pollute atmosphere
• Plastic – non-biodegradable – interferes with soil microorganisms – affects soil fertility

e. Conclusion:

• suggestions for restricted use -alternatives for a one-time use of plastics
• segregation of plastic waste – for recycling

Introduction:
Plastic is a synthetic material. It does not decompose in the soil. Its presence in the soil spoils the soil and it becomes barren. It has an inevitable role to play in the life of man. It has become a part of man’s day-to-day life.

Human Health Hazard:
It poses a health hazard. The micro part of plastic enters our food. It becomes like a leech in our food. It produces indigestion problems for aquatic and terrestrial animals. Its presence inside our body blocks the intestines and respiratory passages.

Environmental Degradation:
The manufacturing process and burning of plastics pollute the atmosphere. It is non-biodegradable so it interferes with soil micro-organism and affects soil fertility.

Conclusion:
We can go for the restricted use of plastic. The plastic companies may be restricted to make one-time use plastics. All plastic waste should be segregated into different types and used for recycling.

Task 2:
Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below: (Text Book Page No. 50)

Urban living brings with it very dense co-habitation, This can often result in the transfer of various communicable diseases that could quickly develop into an outbreak.

Hints:
a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation

b) Personal Hygiene

• Frequent washing of hands & regular bathing
• Brushing of teeth, cutting of nails & hair
• Wearing dean clothes

c) Keeping diseases at bay:

• Avoid street food
• Keep food containers closed with lids
• Drink boiled water
• Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water

d) Keeping living area, surroundings, and the environment clean:

• Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis, and hazardous waste in designated places
• Regular sweeping, mopping, and dusting
• Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas
• Avoid littering of public places
• Avoid spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places

e) Conclusion:
– Hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must -b ensure community – health and happiness – celebrate life.

Introduction:
‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’. This adage shows the importance of cleanliness. Cleanliness is important for a healthy life. If we keep ourselves and our place dean, we can avoid many diseases.

Personal Hygiene:
Our personal hygiene is important. We should wash our hands frequently. Regular bathing is necessary to maintain our hygiene. Brushing of teeth should be done every day before we take our first food. Cutting of nails and hair is also essential. We should always wear clean clothes.

Keeping diseases at bay:
We should avoid street food. Our food should be kept in dosed containers. We should drink only boiled water. Fruits and vegetables should be washed in flowing water.

Keeping living areas, surroundings, and the environment clean:
Our living area and surroundings should be kept clean. Domestic organic waste should be disposed of on daily basis. Our area should be swept, mopped, and dusted regularly. Disinfection lotion should be used in the toilets and bathing area. Littering in public places should be avoided. We should avoid spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places.

Conclusion:
Hygiene is a collective exercise. Everyone’s involvement and practice is needed. If we must ensure a healthy and happy community we can celebrate our life.

Essay Writing:

Task 1:
Write an essay of about 200 words each: (P No. 51)

1. The Profession you would like to choose:
Introduction:
Everyone has his dreams and plans in life. Some people want to become doctors, engineers, or collectors. I want to uplift our country. So I want to become a teacher. The teachers are the real builders of the nation.

Teaching Profession:
The world of tomorrow will be born from the school of today. Teachers are the trustees of common welfare. A teacher should be a friend, philosopher, and guide. A teacher should love his students. Our country needs such good teachers.

Service in the Village:
I like teaching very much. My motto in life is simple living and high thinking. India lives in her villages. So I will serve in a village. I will be earnest and sincere to my students. I will not be proud of. Thus I will be a good citizen and serve mankind.

2. The Importance of a Balanced Diet:

A balanced diet is very important to a healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet should contain all the right foods in the right quantities like carbohydrates, high fiber content, water, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. If you want to lead a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy food is important. Fluids are very essential for the human body to have a healthy lifestyle. Drink a lot of water every day.

Eat fresh fruits and vegetables which will help avoid many health disorders. Our balanced diet should contain all five elements which are bitter, pungent, sour, sweet, and salt. Most people do not recognize the importance of chewing as it is essential to digest many of components. We must avoid eating when we don’t have an appetite. Excess food may lead to overweight. We must avoid eating while working or watching TV. It may lead to heartburn and colitis. A balanced diet keeps our bodies healthy and brisk.

3. A memorable journey:
The most memorable journey I have enjoyed is the train journey towards Mumbai. It is a three-day journey from Tirunelveli. During last summer vacation, with my parents. I went by train, I was able to learn about the different cultures and languages of the people. A college student was seated across he engaged me in a lively conversation.
They were from Chennai and talked about their purpose of visit.

I had an occasion to have a chat with a few Hindi – speaking people. They were very polite and kind to me. I was extremely ’ happy when the train passed through Mumbai, where I bought delicious apples. Though I could not understand Hindi, I talked with them in Tamil. They gave me nice apples and I gave them some money that pleased him. At the end of the second day, we reached Mumbai. The journey broadened my knowledge about our country.

Suggested Topics: (Text Book Page No. 51)

1. Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games:
Regular physical exercise will improve your muscle strength. Exercise gives oxygen and nutrients to your tissues. It helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. When your heart and lung health improve, you have more energy to do daily activities. Exercise acts on the digestive system. It helps in digestion and induces appetite. The free movement of the parts of the body especially arms and limbs help you to lead a tension-free life in old age.

2. Travel and its Benefits:
Travelling improves your health. It cuts down stress. The health benefits of traveling are huge. Travelling makes your body feel better. Traveling is a source of knowledge, education, and experience. There is scope for improving one’s social and communication skills. Creative thoughts and broadening the horizon, enhancing tolerance are all the benefits of travel. Travel gives confidence, and it is a real education in life. The memories of travel give us pleasure.

3. Water Conservation:
Our lives depend fully on water. It is our duty to conserve water. We have only 3% of the water on earth. The remaining is 97% of saltwater in the seas. It is our responsibility not to pollute and abuse it. We must know how to conserve water. We can contribute to the conservation of potable water by protecting from water pollution. Modern irrigation methods help to solve water shortages and avoid wastage. Water can be saved in industries. Industries can adopt water recycling. Digging lakes, ponds, wells will help save rainwater. Children can be educated to save water and avoid wastage during their chores like washing, bathing, and cleaning.

4. Child Labour:
Child labour means making the children in hard labour which affects their physical and mental development. Children in the school-going age are employed in all kinds of jobs. They work in a bad atmosphere. They are never paid or paid less. The poverty of the parents is exploited to employ the children than giving them education. The children must go to school and only adults should be employed. The government should make strict laws to eradicate child labour. We should give a bright future to our children.

5. Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages:
A mobile phone is a device, which is used only for communication. However technological developments in the field of communication have made the phone a smartphone with features like video calls, surfing the net, play games, and take high-resolution pictures.

Smartphones have become a great disadvantage to people, especially to students. They get addicted to it, thereby inviting various health problems and social problems. Mobile phones should be useful and necessary gadgets for our everyday life. Without cell phones, life would be harder. While enjoying the benefits of phones, we must be aware of their abuses too. Mobile phones could cause many dangers if not used properly.

6. Consumerism – Wants and Needs:
Consumerism means the protection of the interests of the consumers. The growth of consumerism has led to many organizations improving their service to the customer. It is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services. Various methods are used to create demand. It protects consumers against harmful products or business methods.

Wants and needs:
We have to consume to live. We need food, water, shelter, and clothing. People go behind electronics, enjoyment, luxury, etc. They forget that what they “need” is not a real “need”. Many people cannot draw a line between the two. While one part of the world food is wasted, in the other part people are starving. People should learn not to waste anything.

7. Value of Education:
Education is necessary for all. It develops confidence and builds the personality of a person. School education plays an important role in everyone’s life. The whole education has been divided into three divisions such as the Primary, Secondary, and Higher Secondary education. Primary education prepares the base which helps throughout life. Secondary education prepares the path for higher studies.

Higher Secondary education decides the final path to life and career. Our education decides what kind of person we would be in the future. In the competitive world, it is a must for all to have a good education. It makes us strong, mentally, socially, and intellectually by increasing our knowledge level, technical skills, and good position in the job. The only way to fulfill all dreams is only through education.

8. Value-based Education:
The purpose of value-based education is to build the social, moral, and spiritual behaviour of a person. It plays a big role in teaching the importance of being honest with others, being humble’ in all situations, and be able to face challenges. It helps in shaping the individual’s behaviour to fit into society. It will have an impact on the whole society, making the world, a better place to live in. Value-based education plays a big role in shaping the individual’s behaviour, so that they can display good morals, interact with others well, and become spiritual in all aspects of life.

(ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் (George Orwell) என்னும் புனைப்பெயரால் (Pen name) அறியப்பட்ட எரிக் ஆர்த்த ர் ப்ளையர் (Eric Arthur Blair) (25 ஜீன் 1903 – 21 ஜனவரி 1950) ஒரு ஆங்கில புதினவியளாளர், கட்டுரையாளர், பத்திரிக்கையாளர், மற்றும் விமர்சகர். இவரின் படைப்புகள் நல்ல படிப்பினைகளையும், சமூக விழிப்புணர்வையும் ஏற்படுத்துவதாகவும், சர்வதிகாரத்திற்கு எதிராகவும், ஜனனாயகத்திற்கு ஆதரவாகவும் அமைக்கப்பட்டு இருக்கும்.

ஆர்வெல் இலக்கிய விமர்சனங்கள், கவிதைகள், புதினங்கள், தர்க்க இதழியல் போன்றவற்றை எழுதியுள்ளார். இவர் எண்ணியல் புதினமான Animal Farm (1945) மற்றும் டைஸ்டோபியன் புதினமான Nineteen Eighty – four(1949) ஆகியவற்றால் மிகச் சிறந்தவராக அறியப்பட்டார். 2008ஆம் ஆண்டு Times இவரை 1945 வரை உள்ள 50 சிறந்த British எழுத்தாளர்களில் இரண்டாவதாக பட்டியலிட்டது.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

கொடுக்கப்பட்ட இந்த பாடப்பகுதி ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் அவர்களின் கட்டுரைகள், பத்திரிக்கைகள் மற்றும் கடிதங்களிலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. தேநீர் நகரத்தின் ஆதாரப் பொருட்களுள் ஒன்றாக இந்தியா, அயர்லாந்து, ஆஸ்திரேலியா முதலிய நாடுகள் கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்தியா, இலங்கை தேயிலைதான் மிகச்சிறந்தது.

இப்பாடத்தில் தேனீர் தயாரிக்கும் விதத்தைப் பற்றியும், பல நாடுகளில் அதன் பயன்பாடுகள் பற்றியும் அதை எவ்வாறு அருந்த வேண்டும் என்பதைப்பற்றியும் ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் 11 (கருத்துக்கள் மூலம் தெளிவாக எடுத்துரைக்கிறார். அதைப்பற்றி முழுமையாக படித்து தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்.

A Nice Cup of Tea Summary in Tamil

தமிழாக்கம் நீங்கள் உங்கள் கையில் கிடைக்கும் சமையல் புத்தகத்தை எடுத்து அதில் ‘டீ’ தயாரிப்பதை தேடினீர்கள் (look up) என்றால், அதனைப் பற்றிய குறிப்பு கிடைக்காமல் போகலாம் அல்லது அதிகபட்சமாக நீங்கள் பல முக்கியமான கருத்துக்கள் விடுபட்ட (unmentioned) மேலோட்டமான சில வரிகளை காணலாம்.

இந்திய நாடு, இதேப்போல் ஐர், ஆஸ்திரேலியா, நியூசிலாந்து போன்ற நாடுகளின் நாகரிகத்தில் முக்கியமானதாக டீ இருப்பதால் மட்டும் இது ஆர்வமானதாக இல்லை, டீ-ஐ எப்படி சிறந்த முறையில் தயாரிக்க வேண்டும் என்பதே ஒரு காரசாரமான விவாத தலைப்பாக (violent disputes) இருப்பதால் தான்.

நான் என்னுடைய “தேநீர் தயாரிப்பதற்கான சொந்த சமையல் குறிப்பை (recipe)” பார்த்த போது 11ற்கும் குறைவான மிக முக்கியமான குறிப்புகளைக் கண்டேன். அவற்றில் 2 குறிப்புகள் பொதுவானதாக இருந்தாலும், குறைந்தது 4 குறிப்புகளாவது கண்டிப்பாக சர்ச்சைக்குரியவை (controversial). இங்கே குறிபிடப்பட்டுள்ள என்னுடைய 11 விதிகளில், ஒவ்வொன்றையும் நான் பொன்னாகவே (goldens) கருதுகிறேன்.

எல்லாவற்றிக்கும் முதலாவதாக ஒருவர் இந்திய அல்லது சிங்கள (இலங்கை) தேநீர் இலைகளைத் தான் உபயோகப்படுத்த வேண்டும். சீனத் தேநீரின் மதிப்பிடத்தக்க பண்புகளையும் (virtues) நாம் இக்காலத்தில் வெறுக்க கூடாது, இது சிக்கனமானது (economical), பாலுடன் கலக்காமலும் இதனை அருந்தலாம், ஆனால் போதுமான அளவு உற்சாகம் (stimulation) இருக்காது.

அதனைப் பருகிய பிறகு, ஒருவர் அறிவார்ந்ததாகவும் (wiser), தைரியமானவராகவும் (braver), அதிக நேர்மறையாளராகவும் (optimistic) உணர மாட்டார். எவரேனும் ஒருவர் “ இது ஒரு மிகச்சிறந்த குவளைத் தேநீர்” என்ற வரிகளை உபயோகப்படுத்தினால், அது நிச்சயமாக இந்தியத் தேநீரையே குறிக்கும்.

இரண்டாவதாக, தேநீரை மிகச்சிறிய அளவில் மட்டுமே தயாரிக்க வேண்டும், அதாவது சிறிய தேநீர் குடுவையில் தான் தயாரிக்க வேண்டும். பெரிய பாத்திரத்தில் தயாரிக்கும் தேநீர் சுவையற்று (tasteless) இருக்கும், இராணுவத்தில் பெரிய கலனில் (cauldron) தயாரிக்கும் தேநீர், எண்ணெய்ப்பசை மற்றும் சுண்ணாம்பு போன்ற சுவையுடன் இருக்கும். தேநீர் குடுவையானது களிமண்ணால் அல்லது பீங்கானால் செய்யப்பட வேண்டும்.

வெள்ளி அல்லது உலோக கலவையில் ஆன தேநீர் குடுவையில் தரக்குறைவான தேநீரையே தயாரிக்க முடியும், கண்ணாடியால் ஆன பாத்திரங்கள் மிக மோசம். போதுமான ஆர்வமுடையதாக இருந்தாலும் காரியத்தால் ஆன தேநீர் குடுவை மிகவும் மோசமானது அல்ல. மூன்றாவதாக, குடுவையானது முன்னதாகவே சூடுபடுத்தப்பட (warmed) வேண்டும். குடுவையினை அடுப்பில் வைத்து சூடுபடுத்துவதே, வழக்கமான வெந்நீரால் சூடுபடுத்தும் முறையே சிறந்தது.

நான்காவதாக, தேநீர் திடமாக இருக்க வேண்டும். 1 லிட்டருக்கு சற்று அதிகமான கொள்ளளவு உடைய கலனில், நீங்கள் கழுத்துவரை நிரப்புவதாக இருந்தால், 6 தேக்கரண்டி (teaspoons) போதுமானதாக இருக்கும். போர் நடவடிக்கை (rationing) காலங்களில் வாரத்தின் அனைத்து நாட்களிலும் இம்முறையை பின்பற்ற இயலாது. ஆனால் ஒரு குவளை திடமான தேநீரானது 20 குவளை திடமற்றது. “அனைத்து உண்மையான தேநீர் விரும்பிகளுக்கும், தங்களது தேநீர் திடமாக இருந்தால் மட்டும் போதாது. ஒவ்வொரு வருடம் கடந்து போகும் போதும் அவர்களது தேநீர் கூடுதல் திடமாக இருக்க வேண்டுமென விரும்புகிறார்கள். அது வயதான ஓய்வூதியதாரர்களுக்கு (pensioners) கூடுதல் உணவுப்படி வழங்கப்படும் போது கண்டறியப்பட்ட உண்மை.

ஐந்தாவதாக, தேநீரானது நேரடியாக குடுவையினுள் இடப்படவேண்டும். வடிகட்டியோ அல்லது மெல்லிய துணியோ தேநீரை வடிகட்ட உபயோகப்படுத்தக் கூடாது. சில நாடுகளில் தேநீர் குடுவைகள், நீர்க்குழாயின் (spout) கீழே தேவையில்லாத சிறிய தேநீர் இலைகளை சேகரிக்க சிறிய கூடைகளுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். அது தீங்கு விளைவிக்கும். உண்மையில் ஒருவர் குறிப்பிட்ட அளவு தேநீர் இலைகளை விழுங்கினாலும், அது தீங்கு விளைவிக்காது. தேநீரானது குடுவையில் தளர்வாக இல்லாவிட்டால், அது முறையாக கலக்காது.

ஆறாவதாக, தேநீர் குடுவையிலிருந்து நேரடியாக தேநீர் கொதி கெண்டிக்கு (kettle) மாற்ற வேண்டும். அப்பொழுது நீரானது கொதித்து கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும். அதாவது ஒருவர் கொதி கெண்டிக்கு ஊற்றும் போது நீராவி தான் உபயோகிக்க வேண்டும் என்பார்கள் ஆனால் என்னைப் பொறுத்தவரையில் அது எவ்வித வித்தியாசத்தையும் உண்டு பண்ணாது.
ஏழாவதாக தேநீர் தயாரித்த பிறகு, நன்கு கலக்கி, தேநீர் குடுவையை நன்கு குலுக்கி அதன்பின் தேநீர் இலைகளை அமரச் செய்ய வேண்டும்.

எட்டாவதாக, ஒருவர் காலைகுவளையில் தான் குடிக்க வேண்டும், காலை உணவுக் (breakfastcup) குவளையானது, உருளை வடிவில் (cylindrical type), ஆழமற்றும் காணப்படும். காலை உணவுக் குவளையானது அதிகக் கொள்ளளவு உடையது, வேறு வகையான குவளையில் அருந்தினால், அருந்த தொடங்கும் முன்பே பாதி ஆறிவிடும்.

ஒன்பதாவதாக தேநீர் தயாரிக்கும் முன்பே உபயோகப்படுத்தப்படும் பாலின் பாலேட்டினை நீக்கி விட வேண்டும். அதிக பாலேட்டுடன் கூடிய பால், மங்கிய (sickly) சுவையுள்ள தேநீரைத் தரும்.

பத்தாவதாக, ஒருவர் முதலில் தேநீரை குவளையில் ஊற்ற வேண்டும் இதுவே ஒரு முறையான கருத்தாகும். உண்மையில் பிரிட்டனில் உள்ள அனைத்து வீடுகளிலும் இது குறித்து இரு கருத்துக்கள் நிலவுகின்றன. பாலை முதலில் ஊற்ற வேண்டும் என்ற கருத்து சற்று கடுமையான விவாதங்கள் கொண்டு வந்தாலும், என்னுடைய கருத்தினை பதிலளிக்க முடியாததாகவே நான் வைத்து வருகிறேன். அது என்னவென்றால் தேநீரை முதலில் ஊற்றுவதால். ஒருவரால் தனக்கு தேவையான அளவு பாலை ஊற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம்.

மாற்றுக்கருத்தில், ஒருவர் தேவைக்கு அதிகப்படியான பாலை ஊற்றும் நிலைமை வரலாம். கடைசியாக (lastly) ஒருவர், தேநீரை ரஷிய நாட்டு வழக்கத்தில் அருந்தவில்லை என்றால், அவர் கண்டிப்பாக சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் தான் அருந்த வேண்டும் என கருத்து சிலரால் மட்டுமே ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும் என்று எனக்கு தெரியும், இருந்தாலும் தேநீரில் சர்க்கரையைச் சேர்த்து அதன் சுவையை குறைக்கும்.

நீங்கள் எவ்வாறு உங்களை தேநீர் விரும்பி என்று அழைத்து கொள்ள முடியும்? இது தேநீரில் மிளகுத்தூளையோ (pepper) அல்லது உப்பையோ (salt) சேர்ப்பதற்கு சமமானதாகும். தேநீரை நீங்கள் இனிப்பூட்டினால் நீங்கள் தேநீரை சுவைக்கவில்லை, சர்க்கரையைத் தான் சுவைக்கிறீர்கள். இதற்கு நீங்கள் வெறும் சுடு தண்ணீரில் சர்க்கரையை கரைத்து அருந்தலாம்.

சிலர் தாங்கள் தேநீரை விரும்புவதில்லை என்றும், உற்சாகத்திற்காகவும் (stimulated) வெப்பமாக இருப்பதற்காக மட்டுமே தேநீரை அருந்துவதாகவும் அதனால் தான் சர்க்கரையைச் சேர்த்து தேநீரின் சுவையை நீக்குவதாகவும் சொல்லுவார்கள். அவ்வாறு தவறாக வழிகாட்டப்பட்டவர்களுக்கு (misguided) நான் கூறுவதாவது, நீங்கள் தொடர்ந்து இரு வாரங்களுக்கு தேநீரை சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் அருந்தினீர்கள் என்றால், நீங்கள் மறுபடியும் தேநீரில் சர்க்கரை சேர்த்து வீணாக்கமாட்டீர்கள்.

தேநீர் அருந்துவதை குறித்து எழும்பக்கூடிய முரணான (controversial) கருத்துக்கள் இவை மட்டுமல்ல. இந்த தொழில் எவ்வளவு நுட்பமானது என்பதை காட்ட பல கருத்துக்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும் தேநீர் குடுவையைச் சுற்றி புரிந்து கொள்ள (mysterious) முடியாத ஆசாரங்கள் பல உள்ளன. எடுத்துக்காட்டாக நாம் ஏன் தேநீர் கோப்பையில் அருந்துகிறோம்).

தேநீர் இலைகளின் கிளை துணை உபயோகங்களை, தீர்க்க தரிசனம் கூறுவது, விருந்தினர்களின் வருகையை கணிப்பது, முயல்களுக்கு உணவாவது, தீக்காயங்களுக்கு மருந்தாவது தரையை கூட்டிப் பெருக்குவது குறித்து கூட நிறைய எழுதலாம். 2 (28 கிராம்) எடையுள்ள முறையாக கையாளப்பட்ட தேநீர் இலைகளில் இருந்து 20 தேநீர்