Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany

11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy and Systematic BotanyText Book Back Questions and Answers

Part – A

Choose the right answer:

Question 1.
Specimen derived from non-original collection serves as the nominclatural type, when original specimen is missing it is known as
a) Holotype
b) Neotype
c) Isotype
d) Paratype
Answer:
b) Neotype

Question 2.
Phylogenilic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects,
a) Comparative anatomy
b) Number of flowers produced
c) Comparative cytology
d) Evolutionary relationships
Answer:
d) Evolutionary relationships

Question 3.
The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of different taxa is termed as
a) Chemotaxonomy
b) Molecular systematics
c) Sero taxonomy
d) Numerical taxonomy
Answer:
c) Sero taxonomy

Question 4.
Which of the following is not a flowering plant with root nodules containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms?
a) Crotalaria juncea
b) Cycas revoluta
c) Cice rarietinum
d) Casuarina equisetifolia
Answer:
b) Cycas revoluta

Question 5.
Flowers are weakly zygomorphic in
a) Cerapegia
b) Thevelia
c) Datura
d) Solanum
Answer:
c) Datura

Two marks

Question 1.
What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity
Answer:
Botanical Gardens play the following important roles.

1. Gardens with an aesthetic value attract a large number of visitors. For example, the Great Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis) in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata
2. Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.
3. Garden is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.

Question 2.
Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup-shaped thalamus
Answer:

1. Two cotyledonous plants are kept under Dicotyledonou
2. Cup-shaped thalamus is a unique feature of the series Thalamiflorae of subclass

Polypetalae:

• Class
• Dicot
• Subclass
• Polypetalae
• Series
• Thalamiflorae

Question 3.
How do molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?
Answer:
Molecular taxonomy using molecular markers like RAPD’s etc helps in establishing the relationship between the members of different taxonomic groups at the DNA level. Thus it helps to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms.

Question 4.
Give the F.D of Clutoria ternalia
Answer:

Question 5.
How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members.
Answer:

JSolanaceae (Dicot) Morphology	Liliaceae (Monocot) Morphology
Bulbous stem / rhizome / corm absent but stem tuber present eg. Solarium tuberosum	Bulbous Stem – Lilium Rhizome -Polygonatum Corm – Colchicum Occur
Radical leaves Cariscup } Absent from roots	Radical leaves present eg. Lilium
Leaves alternate & exstipulate	Slipules absent exstipulate fleshy and hollow

Flowers – Pentamerous	Flowers – Trimerous
Calyx_ – Persistent -Solanum melongena	Calyx , Corolla – Absent
Corolla of various shapes present	Perranth is only present
Stamens – 5 – Epipetalous	Stamens – 6 – In a whorl of three each apostamenous
Carpels: Ovary superior bicarpellary, bilocular Carpels oblipuely placed bicarpellary later become tetra carpellary due to the formation of false septa	Ovary superior tricarpellary trilocular
Fruits – Berry / capsule	Fruits – Loculierdal capsula
Anatomy: Bi-collateral Vascular Bundles occur Cambium present Secondary growth present	Anatomy: Conjoint collateral Vascular bundles Cambium absent No secondary growth

Part – B

11th Bio Botany Guide Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Who is called the father of Botany?
(a) Linnaeus
(b) Theophrastus
(c) Darwin
(d) Thales
Answer:
(b) Theophrastus

Question 2.
The latest ICBN was held at
a) Cambridge – England
b) Leningrad – Russia
c) Shenzhen – China
d) Rio-de genero – America
Answer:
cl Shenzhen China

Question 3.
Who proposed the concept of “idos” or species?
(a) Theophrastus
(b) Stebbins
(c) Darwin
(d) Plato
Answer:
(d) Plato

Question 4.
The floral of Tamil Nadu Carnatic by K.M. Mathew (1983) and Flora of Madras Presidency by J.S Gamble and Fischer belong to
a) Monograph
b) Catalogue
c) Flora
d) Regional flora
Answer:
d) Regional flora

Question 5.
Who first proposed the early elementary rule of naming plants?
(a) A.P.de Candolle
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Alphonse de Candolle
(d) Simpson
Answer:
(b) Linnaeus

Question 6.
Botanical Garden of New South Wales is located at
a) Brazil
b) New York
c) Sydney
d) Rio de Janeiro
Answer:
c) Sydney

Question 7.
18^th International Botanical congress was held at …………….
(a) Sydney
(b) Leningrad
(c) Melbourne
(d) London
Answer:
(c) Melbourne

Question 8.
Plants with incomplete flowers either a petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under the sub class
a) Heterornerae
b) Monochlarnydeae
c) Bicarpellatae
d) Monocotyledonae
Answer:
b) Monochlamvdeae

Question 9.
Adolph Engler and Karl – A – Prantl are
a) Americal taxonomists
b) French taxonomists
c) Chinese taxonomists
d) German taxonomists
Answer:
d) German taxonomists

Question 10.
…………… is a descriptive phrase of a plant.
(a) Vernacular name
(b) Binomial
(c) Polynomial
(d) Botanical name
Answer:
(c) Polynomial

Question 11.
The fruit is geocarpic in
a) Vigna radiate
b) Cablab purpuris
c) Araehis hypogea
d) Cicer arietinum
Answer:
c) Arachis hypogea

Question 12.
The term biosystematics was introduced by
a) Chrispeels and Gartner
b) Camp and Gilly
c) Engler and Prantl
d) Bentham and Hooker
Answer:
b) Camp and Gilly

Question 13.
…………… are the tools for identifying unfamiliar plants.
(a) Flora
(b) Keys
(c) Monograph
(d) Catalogues
Answer:
(b) Keys

Question 14.
Most of the seeds are reniform in
a) Fabaceae
b) Solanaceae
c) Asteraceae
d) Liliaceae
Answer:
a) Fabaceae

Question 15.
Plants with incomplete flowers either petalous or with undifferentiated calyx and corolla are placed under
a) Monocotyledonae
b) Polypetalae
c) Monochlamydeae
d) Gamopetalae
Answer:
c) Monochlamydeae

Question 16.
First modern botanical garden was established by …………… .
(a) Theophrastus
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Luca Ghini
(d) Stebbins
Answer:
(c) Luca Ghini

Question 17.
Phenology is the study
a) Pollen grains structure
b) Development of gametes
c) Study of climate and weather on plants
d) Study of functional aspects of plants
Answer:
c) Study of climate and weather on plants

Question 18
Tephrosia purpurea, Indigofera tinctoria are plants used as
a) Biofuel or bioenergy
b) Bio manure
c) Biomedicine
d) Biopesticides
Answer:
b) Bio manure.

Question 19.
Carpels are obliquely placed in the family
a) Fabaceae
b) Solanaceae
C) Liliaceae
d) Malvaceae
Answer:
b) Solanaceae

Question 20.
Which series includes epigynous flowers with an inferior ovary?
(a) Heteromerae
(b) Disaflorea
(c) Inferae
(d) Thalanifloreae
Answer:
(c) Inferae

II. Fill up the blanks in the given Tabulation

Question 1.
Name of the Taxonomist BOOK No. of plants

Name of the Taxonomist	BOOK	No. of plants
i. Theophrastus (372 – 287 BC)	De Historia Pfcntarum	………………….
ii. ……………….	Materia Medica	600 plants
iii. Carolus Linnaeus	Species Plantarum	………….
iv. ………………	3 volumes of Genera Plantarum	97205 species (202 families)

Answer:
i. 500 Plants
ii. Discoredes (62 – 127 AD)
iii. 7300 Species
iv. Bentham & Hooker

Question 2.

Taxon	Definition	Example
i. Family	Comprises a no of genera which share some similarities	…………………..
ii. …………………	Group of families shows fewer similarities among themselves	Malvales
iii. Class	Group of order which share few similarities	…………………..
iv. ………………….	Number of classes	Magnoliophyta

Answer:
(i) Asteraceae
(ii) order
(iii) Asteropsida
(iv) Sub – Division

Question 3.

Name of the IBC	Place	Year
i. 5th International Botanical Congress	………………………..	1930
ii. 12th International Botanical Congress	Leningrad – Russia	…………………..
iii. 18th International Botanical Congress	……………………..	2011
iv. …………………	Shenzhen – China	2017

Answer:
b) Cambridge – England 1975 Melbourne Australia 19th I BC

III. Find out the correct statement.

Question 1.
Find out the Correct Statements the given below.
a) Scientific Names are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation
b) Cryptogams include non-flowering plants
c) Linnaeus system of classification is known as the Natural system of classification
d) According to APG IV Monocots contain 10 orders and 37 families
(I) a & b
(II) b & c
(III) c & d
(IV) a & d
Answer:
(I) a & b

Question 2.
Find out the correct statements from the given below
a) Botanical name of chilly – Capsicum esculentum
b) Ashwagandha is also known as Amukkura
c) An alkaloid colchicine is got from Colchicum luteum
d) Glycine max is the botanical name of the Soya bean
(I) a & b
(II) b & d
(III) a & c
(IV) c & d
Answer:
(II) b & d

IV. Assertion and reason

Question 1.
Assertion: Classification is essential in biology because there is a vast diversity of organisms to sort out and compare
Reason: Unless they are organized into manageable Categories, It will be difficult for the identification
(A) Assertion and Reason correct. The reason is explaining Assertion
(B) Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason not explaining Assertion
(C) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong
(D) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion
Answer:
a – Assertion and Reason correct. Reason is explaining Assertion

Question 2.
Assertion: Cronquist system of classification could not persist for a long time.
Reason: The system is not very useful for identification and cannot be adopted in herbaria.
Answer:
d) Assertion ‘A’ is true Reason ‘R’ is not explaining Assertion

Question 3.
Assertion : Monograph is a complete global account of a faxon of any rank family genus or species at a given time
Reason : It has books of libraries rich in botanical litles.
Answer:
d) Assertion correct but Reason not explaining Assertion

Question 4.
Assertion A: Chemotaxonomy is the scientific approach to the classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical constituents
Reason R: Proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and peptides, etc are the most studied chemicals in chemotaxonomy
Answer:
a) Assertion and Reason ‘R’ correct Reason is explaining Assertion

V. Match the following and find the correct

Question 1
Name of Herbarium No. of specimens
i) Presidency college Herbarium – Chennai – A. 4,08,776
ii) Central National Herbarium – Calcutta – B. 30,500
iii) Madras Herbarium – Coimbatore – C. 15,000
iv) Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden – D. 2,00,000
and Reserach Institute Trivandrum

Answer:
a) C D A B

Question 2.
Botanical Name Common Name
(I) Glycirrhiza glabra A. Thanneer Muttan
(II) Withania somnifera B. Athimaduram
(III) Asperagus racemosus C. Senkandal
(IV) Gloriosa superba D. Amukkara

Answer:
a) B D A C

VI. Choose the wrong answer

Question 1.
(i) Karyology – Study of Chromosomes
(ii) Palynology – Study of Pollen
(iii) Serology – Study of Antibiotics
(iv) Paleology – Study of Fossils
Answer:
(iii) – Serology study of antibiotics

Question 2.
Type Example
(i) Tree – Solanum violceum
(ii) Prickles on the Body of the plant – Solanum xantho carpum
(iii) Vines – Lycium sinensis
(iv) Herb – Solanum nigrum
Answer:
(II) prickles on the body of the plant – body Solanum xantho carpum

Question 3.
Botanical Garden Major Attraction
(i) Nation Botanical Garden Lucknow – Germplasm collection & exsitu conversation
(ii) JNTBGRI Trivandrum (Kerala) – Bambusetum
(iii) National orchidarium Yercaud – Fernery
(iv) Indian Botanical Garden Kolkata – The great Banyan tree
Answer:
(iii) National orchidarium Yercard – Fernery

Question 4.
Choose the right answer :
(i) Plants having Dome-shaped thalamus – Gamopetalae
(ii) Plants having Cup-shaped thalamus – Calyciflorae
(iii) Plants having epigynous flowers – Thalamiflorae
(iv) Plants with united petals & sepals – Inferae
Answer:
(ii) Plants having cup-shaped thalamus Calyciflorae

VII. Match correctly & give the correct answer

Question 1.
(i) Systema Naturae -A. 1862-63
(ii) Philosophia botanica -B.1753
(iii) Species plantarum -C. 1735
(iv) General plantarum -D.1737

Answer:
c) C – D – B – A

Question 2.
(i) Library of British Museum – A. Revision
(ii) Malvaceae of India by T.K. Paul – B. Catalogue
(iii) Family of Lentibulariaceae
by M.K. Janarthanam & Henry – C. Botanical Garden Lucknow
(iv) 500 species of rose hybrids – D. Monograph

Answer:
a) B A D C

Question 3.
Botanical Name – Common Name
(i) Butea Frondosa – A. Rose Wood
(ii) Sesbania grandiflora – B. Garden pea
(iii) Dalbergia latefolia – C. Flame of the forest
(iv) Pisum sativum – D. Agathe

Answer:
b) C D A B

Question 4.
Common name Botanical name
(i) Rose wood – A. Pterocarpus dalbergioides
(ii) Red Sandal wood – B. Dalbergia latifolia
(iii) Padauk – C. Pterocarpus marsupium
(iv) Vengai – D. Pterocarpus santalinus

Answer:
c) B D A C

VIII. Find out the true and false statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) The evolution & classification of flowering plants – Arthur cronquist
(ii) Origin of species – Engler & prantl
(iii) Philosophia botanica – Linnaeus
(iv) Theorie elementaire de-botanique – A.P. de. Candolle

Answer:
a) True False True True

Question 2.
Find out the True and False statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:
(i) Documents of all plant species in a given geographical area is known as – Monograph
(ii) These are often descriptive & poetic references to plants – Vernacular name
(iii) A complete global account of a taxon of any rank – Flora
(iv) Tools of Identification implemented by Computer – Polyclave key

Answer:
b) False True False True

Two marks

Question 1.
Define Taxonomy.
Answer:
Taxonomy is “the science dealing with the study of classification including the bases, principles, rules and procedures”.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of a species
Answer:

• Population of organism closely resemble each other
• Descend from common ancestor
• They sexually interbreed freely producing fertile offspring
• They have morphological resemblance in asexually reproducing organism
• In fossil organisms they are identified by their morphological & anatomical resemblance

Question 3.
Which is the lowest taxon in classification? Define.
Answer:
Species is the lowest taxon in classification. It is defined as the group of individuals which are closely resembling each other and interbreed among themselves producing fertile offspring.

Question 4.
Define Binomial Nomenclature.
Answer:

• Introduced by Gaspard Barhin
• Implemented by Carolus Linnaeus
• Scientific name of a plant consists of 2 words.
• First one is Genus name
• Second one is Species name.
• Genus Species

Eg: Mangifera – Genus – indica – Species

Question 5.
What are vernacular names? Give an example.
Answer:
Vernacular names are known as common names. Example: Albizia Amara L. is called as Usilai in South Tamil Nadu and Thurinji in North Tamil Nadu.

Question 6.
Biosystematics Define & Give its objectives.
Answer:
Definition:

Question 7.
What is the importance of serotaxonomy.
Answer:

Question 8.
When a neotype specimen is selected?
Answer:
Neotype Specimen is derived from non – original collection selected as the type when the original specimen is missing or destroyed.

Question 9.
Define karyotaxonomy.
Answer:

• Increased knowledge of chromosomes Have been used for extensive biosystematic studies & resolving many taxonomic problems.
• Cytological especially chromosomal characters such as number, size, morphology and behaviour during meiosis are of taxonomic value.

Question 10.
Differentiate Regional Flora from continental flora.
Answer:
Regional Flora from continental flora.

1. Regional Flora: Flora covering a large geographical area or a botanical region Ex: flora of Madras Presidency.
2. Continental Flora: Flora covering the entire continent. Ex: flora of Europaea.

Question 11.
Write down the Aims of Chemotaxonomy.
Answer:

• To develop taxonomic characters to improve, the existing system of plant classification
• To improve the present-day knowledge of phylogeny o plants.

Question 12.
Define Biosystematics
Answer:

• Introduced by Camp and Gilly in 1943
• It is an experimental, ecological cyto taxonomy through which life forms studied and their relationships defined

Question 13.
How Cronquist classified the angiosperms?
Answer:
Cronquist classified the angiosperms into two main classes Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida.

Question 14.
Why do we say that the development of fruit in Arachis hypogea is geocarpic?
Answer:

• In Arachis hypogea after fartilization, the stipe of ovary become meristematic and grows down into the soil.
• The ovary gets buried into the soil and so we call the fmit as groundnut.

Question 15.
Distinguish between Stipule, Stipel and Pulvinus in the leaf of Fabaceae.
Answer:

Stipule	Stipel	Pulvinus
The compound leaf has a stipule a green scale like structure from which the leaf originate	It is a small scaly structure at the base of the leaflet of compound leaf	The R achis and petcole of the leaf, and leaf lets have swollen, this condition is known as Pulvinus

Question 16.
Draw the structure of Papilionaceous Carolla of Fabacoae
Answer:

Question 17.
Differentiate between Phylloclade & Cladodo of Liliaceae.
Answer:

Phylloclade	Cladodo
(aerial sterm or branch modification) Eg. Ruscus Branch is modified . leaves reduced to scales	(aerial sterm modification) Eg Asparagus Aerial sterm is modified, leaves reduced to scales

Question 18.
Point out the aims of chemotaxonomy.
Answer:
The aims of chemotaxonomy:

1. To develop taxonomic characters which may improve the existing system of plant classification.
2. To improve present-day knowledge of the phylogeny of plants.

Question 19.
What is meant by Scapigerous Inflorescence?
Answer:
Here the inflorescence axis (peduncle) arising from the ground bearing a cluster of flowers at its apex, with pedicels of equal length.

Question 20.
Label the given diagram

Answer:
A- Pedicil
B – Perianth
C – Epipetalous stamens
D- Ovary

Question 21.

Answer:
A- Persistent calyx
B – Spiny outgrowth
C – Valves
D – Seed

Question 22.
Differentiate between Magnoliopsia and Liliopsida

Magnoliopsida	Liliopsida
6 subclasses	5 subclasses
64 orders	19 orders
318 families	65 families
165,000 species	50000 species

Demerits:

• Highly Phylogenetic could not persist.
• Not useful for identification & cannot be adopted.

Three marks

Question 1.
Compare the Gynoecium of Pisum sativum and Datura metal.
Answer:
Gynoecium of Pisum sativum:

1. Mono Carpellary
2. Unilocular
3. Ovules on marginal placentation
4. Feathery stigma

Gynoecium of Datura metal:

1. Bicarpellary
2. Tetralocular
3. Ovules on axile placentation
4. Bilobed stigma

Question 2.
Distinguish between Monophyletic, Paraphyletic & polyphyletic group.
Answer:

Question 3.
Why do we think that cladistics is of much needed and important today?
Answer:

• Commonly used & accepted for phylogenetic classifications.
• Produces a hypothesis about the relationship of organisms to predict the morphological characteristics of an organism.
• Help to elucidate the mechanism of evolution.

Question 4.
Give the systematic position of Pea family.
Answer:

APG Classification		Bentham & Hooker’s Classifications
Kingdom	Plantae	Kingdom	Plantae
Clade	Angiosperm	Class	Dicotyledonae
Clade	Eudicots	Sub class	Polypetatae
Clade	Rosids	Series	Calyaflorae
Order	Fabales	Order	Rosales
Family	Fabaceae	Family	Fabaceae

Question 5.
Differentiate between Taxonomy & Systematics.
Answer:
Taxonomy:

1. The discipline of classifying organisms into taxa
2. Governs the practices of naming, describing, identifying and specimen preservation.
3. Classification + Nomenclature = Taxonomy

Systematics:

1. Broad field of biology that studies the diversification of species
2. Governs the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationship in addition to taxonomy
3. Taxonomy + Phylogeny = Systematics

Question 6.
Define Herbarium.
Answer:

• Collection of collected, pressed and dried plant specimens preserved, then mounted on a sheet of paper is referred to as Herbarium.
• It also refers to the Institution where many such Herbaria are preserved.
• Eg. Royal Botanical garden Kew London.

Question 7.
Linnaeus classification is also called sexual system of classification. Why?
Answer:
Linnaeus classification is mostly based on sexual characters like number, union, length and distribution of stamens and also on carpel characters. Hence it is called sexual system of classification.

Question 8.
Various types of habits in Fabaceae.
Answer:

Herb	Indigofera, crotalaria
Prostrate herbs	Indigofera enneaphylla
Erect herb	Crotalaria verrucosa
Shrubs	Cajanus cajan
Small trees	Sesbania
Climbers Large trees	Clitoria sp Pongamia, Dalbergia
Woody climber	Mucuna
Hydrophyte	Aeschyno mene aspera

Question 9.
Explain Androecium of Family Fabaceae
Answer:
1. Diadelphous – Stamens (9) + 1-9 Stamens united 1 free
2. Diadelphous – (5) + (5) – Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each.
3. Monoadelphous but dimorphic – Out of 10 stamens 5 are with longer flaments longer anther 5 are with shorter Flaments and short anthers known as Dimorphic

Question 10.
Tabulate various types of Inflorescence of Solanaceae
Answer:

Solitary flower	Datura stramonium
Terminal cymose	Solanum
Extra axillary Scorpioid cymo or Rhipidium	Solanurn nigrurn
Helicoid cyme	Solanurn tuberosum
Umbellate cyme	Withania somnifera

Question 11.
Tabulate various types of petals of Solanaceae.
Answer:

5 petals – sympetalous

Rotate & tubular – Solanum

Bell-shaped – Atropa

I Infundibuliform  – Petunia

Bilipped & Zygomorphic – Schizanthus

Infundibuliform & Convolute – Datura

Question 12.
Tabulate ornamental plants from any 3 families you have studied.
Answer:

Family Fabaceae	Family  Solanaceae	Family Liliaceae
Butea frondosa (Flame of the forest) Clitoria tematea (sangu – flower)	Cestrium diumum – day Tulipa suaveolens — Tulip Jasmine)	Petunia hybrida Agapanthus african  us garden petunia (African only

Five Marks

Question 1.
What is meant by Taxonomical Aids. Explain any one of it
Answer:

• Tools aiding Taxonomical study are known as Taxonomical Aids
• There are many types of these Aids keys, Flora, Revisions Monograph, Catalogues,
• Herbarium and Botanical garden

Types:

• Local Flora – Covers limited area sate, Country, City mountain, etc Eg. Flora of Thiruvannamalai District
• Regional Flora – Include large geographical area Eg. Flora of Tamilnadu Carnatic by K.M. Mathew
• Continental Flora – Cover entire continent Eg. Flora of Europaea by D.A. Web
• Electronic Flora – Digital format of flora published online Eg. E Flora of China

Question 2.
Type Concept Explain also its types
Answer:
ICN’s second principle is that a specimen must be associated with a scientific name known as nomenclatural type (specimen, or its illustration)
Eg. Herbarium sheet: –

There are 7 types

1.  Holotype:
   The original Protologue of the author is a definite source of identity
   Citation & submission of it is one of the criteria for valid publication of a botanical name
2. Isotype: Duplicate of Holotypes
   • Same person on the same date with same field number
   • Reliable duplicates of holotype – to be distributed to various herbaria of various region
3. Lectotype: Specimen selected from original material may serve as Lectotype when holotype is missing or destroyed
4. Syntype: When the author cites more than one specimen in his Protologue without designating Holotype.
5. Neotype: Specimen from the non-original collection when original
6. Paratype: holotype missing or destroyed: specimen other than Holo, Iso, or Syntype
7. Epitope: Specimen or illustration serves as an interpretive type when all the above types are ambiguous.

Question 3.
Draw the outline classification of APG IV.
Answer:

Question 4.
Give an account of APG classification
Answer:

• Most recent classification of flowering plants
• Done in last decade of 20th century
  
• All these provide data with respect to DNA seqences of 2 chloroplast genes (extrachromosomal) (atp B and r bcL) and one nuclear gene (nuclear ribosomal 18 s DNA).

Question 5.
Tabulate Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification
Answer:

Question 6.
Define biosystematics & list out the aim of biosystematics.
Answer:
1. Biosystematics: Biosystematics is an “Experimental, ecological and cytotaxonomy” through which life forms are studied and their relationships are defined.
2. Aims of Biosystematics: The aims of biosystematics are as follows:

• To delimit the naturally occurring biotic community of plant species.
• To establish the evolution of a group of taxa by understanding the evolutionary and phylogenetic trends.
• To involve any type of data gathering based on modem concepts and not only on morphology and anatomy.
• To recognize the various groups as separate biosystematics categories such as ecotypes, ecospecies, cenospecies, and comparium.

Question 7.
Tabulate various International Herbarium
Answer:
International Herbarium

Herbarium	Year Established	Acronym	Number of specimens
1.Museum National d’Historie Naturelle, Paris, France	1635	P ,PC	10,000,000
2. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, U.S.A	1891	NY	72,00,000
3. Komarov Botanical Institute, St.Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia	1823	LE	71,60,000
4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, U.K	1841	K	70,00,000

Question 8.
Write down the uses of Herbarium
Answer:

• Provides resource material for systematic research & studies
• A place for the orderly arrangement of voucher specimens
• Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful Newly collected fresh specimen
• Voucher specimens play a role in
  • Studies like floristic diversity
  • Environmental assessment
  • Ecological mechanisms &
  • Survey of unexplored area
• provides an opportunity for documenting biodiversity and studies related to the field of ecology & conservation biology.

Question 9.
Explain Chemotaxonomy
Answer:

• Study of various chemicals available in plants help to solve the certain taxonomical problem
• Chemotaxonomy scientific approach of classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical constituents
• Proteins – (more controlled by genes less subjected to natural selection)
• So used at all hierarchical level of classification starling from variety to division.
• Other chemicals studied are – Amino acids, nucleic acids – peptides

Question 10.
Explain Engler & Prantl’s Phylogenetic system of classification
Answer:
The two German scientists published their work in a monumental work.
Die Naturechen P flangen families in 23 volumes.

Question 11.
Write down the significance of Molecular taxonomy
Answer:

• Conserved molecular sequences helped to identify
  
• DNA data help in – investigation of evolutionary patterns
• DNA taxonomy – play vital role in, understanding
• phytogeography – help in genome mapping & bio deversity Conservation
• DNA based Molecular markers – used for designing DNA based molecular probes

Question 12.
What is DNA barcoding?
Answer:

• A scanner like the UPC of supermarket things, – DNA barcoding is a taxonomical device to distinguish one species from another.
• A very short genetic sequence from a standard part of a genome is used as a DNA tag or barcode to identify a plant
• Paul Hebert proposed it and so-known as the Father of barcoding.

Question 13.
Significance of DNA barcoding.
Answer:

• Helps in the identification and classification organism
• Aids in the mapping the extend of bio-diversity
• Eventhough it require a large data base of sequences for comparison & prior knowledge of the barcoding region, it is helpful tool to determine the authenticity of botanical material in whole, cut or powdered form.

Question 14.
Differences between Classical and Modern taxonomy.
Answer:

Question 15.
Give an account of Botanical description of clitoria ternatea (Sangupushpam).
Answer:
Habit – Twining climber
Root – Branched tap root system
Stem – Aerial weak stem, twiner
Leaf – Imparipmnately compound, Petcolate, Alternate, stipulate,
Leaf lets stipellate, stipels are pulvinate reticulate venation
Inflorescence – Solitary and Axillary
Flower -Zygomorphic Bracteate, Bracteolate (large) Bisexual complete
Dichlamydeous – Pedicellate, Pentarnerous & Hypogynous
Calyx – 5 sepals synsepalous valvate aestivation odd sepal anterior in position
Corolla – 5 petals apopetalous
1 standard petal -(Vexillum)
2 wing petals -(aiea)
2 keel petal(carina) – united at the base in descendingly imbricate aestivation

Androecium – 10 stamens diadeiphous
(9) + 1 (i.e.) nine united one free in 2 + bundleš
Anther – Dithecous , basifixed introse and devisce by Longitudinal Division
Gynoecium – Made up of ovary style & stigma
Ovary – Superior with a prominent stipe monocarpellary, unilocular with many ovules on marginal placentation

Style – simple incurved
Stigma – feathery
Fruit – Legume
Seed – non endospermous reniform

Question 16.
Describe any 3 Molecular method ¡n genetic analysis & phylogenetics.
Answer:

Question 17.
Give an account of the botanical description of Datura metal
Answer:
Habit – Large erect, stout, herb
Root – Branched tap root system
Stem – Hollow, herbaceous strong odour
Leaf – Simple, alternate, petiolate, entire or deeply lobed glabrous, exstipulate unicostate reticulate venation
Inflorescence – Solitary & Axillary cyme
Flower – Actinomorphic, (Regular) Bracteate, Bracteolate, Bisexual Complete Dichlamydeous Pentamerous, sessile & hypogynous
Calyx – 5 sepals synsepalous
Valvate aestivation persistant
Corolla – 5 petals synpetalous plicate 10 lobed Twisted aestivation funneishaped
Androecium – 5 stamens – epipetalous altemi petalous .
Anther – dithecous, basifixed, introse longitudinal dehiseence
Gynoecium – Superior – bicarpellary bilocular,
Ovary – syncarpous basically bilocular later become tetralocular due to the formation of false septa Carpels obliquely placed ovules on swollen axile placentation
Style – simple long flu form
Stigma – bibbed
Fruit – Spinesent capsule opening by four apical valves persistent calyx
Seed – Endospermous

Question 18.
Give an account of botanical description of Allium cepa.
Answer:
Habit – Perrennial herb with bulb
Root – Fibrous adventitious root system
Stem – Underground bulb
Leaf – Radical leaves cylindrical fleshy with sheathing leaf bases & parallel venation
Inflorescence – scafrigerous, pedicels of equal length arising from apex of peduncle
Flower – Small white
Actinomorphic,
Bracteate, eBracteolate Bisexual Complete
Monochiamydeous.
Trimerous – hypogynous
Flowers – Protandrous
Perianth – 6 Tetals in 2 whorls of 3 each syntepalous Valvate acstivatíon
Androecium – 6 stamens in a whorls of 3 each epipelatous
apostamenous
Anther – Dithecous basifixed, introse and longitudinal dehiscence
Gynoecium
Ovary – Superior, tricarpellary trilocular 2 ovules in each locule on axile
placentation
Style – simple, slender
Sligma – simple
Fruit – loculicidal capsule.

Question 19.
Give an account of the Economic importance of Fabaceae in the form of a Tabulation Economic Importance of the family Fabaceae
Economic
Answer:

Question 20.
Economic Importance of Solanaceae
Answer:

Question 21.
Tabulate economic Importance of the family Liliaceae Economic Importance of the family Liliaceae
Answer: